1. OPTIMIZING DSP SCHEDULING VIA ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT WITH ARRAY AND LOOP TRANSFORMATION Chun Xue, Zili Shao, Ying Chen, Edwin H.-M. Sha Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Dallas

2. Background DSP processors generally provide dedicated address generation units (AGUs) AGUs can reduce address arithmetic instructions by modifying address register in parallel with the current instruction –Three modes: Auto-increment, Auto- decrement, and using Modify Register

3. Goal Contrary to the traditional compilers, DSP compilers should carefully determine the relative location of data in memory to achieve compacted object code size and improved performance. We propose a scheme to exploit Address Assignment and scheduling for loops.

4. Contribution The algorithm utilizes the techniques of rotation scheduling, address assignment, and array transformation to minimize both address instructions and schedule length. Compared to the list scheduling, AIRLS shows an average reduction of 35.4% in schedule length and an average reduction of 38.3% in address instructions.

5. AGU Example 1 Load *(AR0) 2 Adar AR0, 1 3 Add *(AR0) 4 Adar AR0, 1 5 Stor *(AR0) 1 Load *(AR0)+ 2 Add *(AR0)+ 3 Stor *(AR0) A AR0 To Calculate: C = A + B B C Memory Layout High Low Assembly Code without AGU Assembly Code with AGU The address arithmetic instructions can be reduced by modifying address register in parallel with the current instruction by AGU

6. A LOOP WITH DFG AND SCHEDULE

7. SCHEDULE I

8. SCHEDULE II

9. PROCESSOR MODEL For each functional unit in a multiple functional units processor, there is an accumulator and an address register. Memory access can only occur indirectly via address registers, AR 0 through AR k. indirect addressing with post-increment, post-decrement

10. ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT With a careful placement of variables in memory, –total number of address instructions can be reduce –Both code size and timing performance is improved Address assignment – the optimization of memory layout of program variables –For single functional unit processors, this problem has been studied extensively. –However, little research has been done for multiple function units architecture like TI C6x VLIW processors.

11. PREVIOUS WORK Address Assignment is first studied by Bartley and Liao. They modeled the program as a graph theoretic optimization problem. The problem is proved to be NP-hard. An efficient algorithm is used to find the Maximum Weighted Path Covering

12. LOOP SCHEDULING DFG –Data Flow Graph G=(V, E, OP, d) Static Schedule – Repeated pattern of an execution of an iteration Unfolding –A schedule of unfolding factor f can be obtained by unfolding G f times. Rotation – Is a scheduling technique used to optimize a loop schedule with resource constraints. It transforms a schedule to a more compact one iteratively.

13. Algorithm Step 1 Put all nodes in the first row of Schedule S into a set R Delete the first Row of schedule S Shift S up by 1 control step Use L to record schedule length of S

14. Algorithm Step 2 Retime each node u in set R r(u) = r(u) + 1 Update each node with new computation B[i] = A[i] + 5 transform into B[i+1] = A[i+1] + 5

15. Algorithm Step 3 Generate a new array transformation assignment based on the new computations from Step 2.

16. Algorithm Step 4 Rotate each node u in set R by put u into the location with minimum address operations among all available locations. Function to calculate number of address operations: –AD(x,y) = 0 if x, y are the same –AD(x,y) = 1 if x, y are next to each other –AD(x,y) = 2 otherwise

17. EXPERIMENT SETTING Experiment conduct using filters Performed on PC with Linux All running time within 10 seconds

18. EXPERIMENT RESULT 1

19. EXPERIMENT RESULT 2

20. EXPERIMENT RESULT 3

21. RESULT SUMMARY Compared to the list scheduling, the reduction in schedule length become 45.3% and the reduction in address instructions become 40.7%. Compared to the rotation scheduling, the reduction in schedule length become 24.8% and the reduction in address instructions become 40.7%.

22. FURTHER IMPROVEMENT When we apply unfolding technique with a unfolding factor of 2, the average reduction in schedule length and number of address instructions are both increased Higher unfolding factor will give more reduction in both schedule length and address instructions

23. CONCLUSION We propose an algorithm, AIRLS Utilizes array transformation, address assignment, and rotation scheduling techniques to reduce schedule length and address operations for loops on multiple functional units DSP Can significantly reduce schedule length and address instructions comparing to the previous works.

24. FUTURE WORK Consider multiple address registers per functional unit Consider shared address registers Consider minimum number of address registers needed

25. Introduction

26. Motivating Example

27. Basic Concepts And Models

28. Algorithm

29. Experiments

30. Conclusion