1. CSC 1051 – Algorithms and Data Structures I Dr. Mary-Angela Papalaskari Department of Computing Sciences Villanova University Course website: www.csc.villanova.edu/~map/1051/f13/ Some slides in this presentation are adapted from the slides accompanying Java Software Solutions by Lewis & Loftus CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University Basics of Java Programming variables, assignment, and input

2. int sum; double milesPerGallon; String name, petName; Variables A variable is a name for a location in memory A variable must be declared by specifying the variable's name and the type of information that it will hold data type variable name CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

3. Java Primitive Data Types integers: –byte, short, int, long floating point numbers: –float, double characters: –char Logical values (true/false): –boolean CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University www.toonpool.com/cartoons/PRIMITIVE%20CAVEMAN%20WORDS_25547#

4. Assignment Statement Changes the value of a variable The assignment operator is the = sign total = 55 - discount; The expression on the right is evaluated and the result is stored in the variable on the left CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

5. Combined declaration and assignment A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration int age = 18; double x = 3.2, y = -0.80; String name = scan.nextLine(); CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

6. Combined declaration and assignment A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration - a new value can be assigned later: int age = 18; double x = 3.2, y = -0.80; String name = scan.nextLine(); age = 19; x = x + 0.5; name = scan.nextLine(); CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

7. Combined declaration and assignment – CANNOT declare twice A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration - a new value can be assigned later: int age = 18; double x = 3.2, y = -0.80; String name = scan.nextLine(); int age = 19; CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University Error: declaring variable age again

8. CONSTANTS: like variables, but value cannot change – declare using final modifier: final int INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12; final double LBS_PER_KG = 2.2; CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University Convention: Use UPPER_CASE identifiers

9. Arithmetic Operators If either or both operands used by an arithmetic operator are floating point, then the result is a floating point Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Remainder +-*/%+-*/% CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

10. Division and Remainder If both operands are integers, the division result is an integer (the fractional part is discarded): % gives the remainder of the division: 14 / 3 8 / 12 14 % 3 8 % 12 CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University 143 / 60 20 / 16 143 % 60 20 % 16

11. Operator Precedence result = total + count / max - offset; Order of evaluation: 1.Multiplication, division, remainder 2.addition, subtraction, string concatenation –Operators with the same precedence: left  right –Use parentheses to override default order CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

12. Examples int x = 5; System.out.println ("Ans= " + (x + 1)); System.out.println ("Ans= " + x + 1); System.out.println ("Ans= " + (x + 1 * 3)); System.out.println ("Ans= " + ((x + 1) * 3)); System.out.println ("Ans= " + (x / 3 / 2)); System.out.println ("Ans= " + (x / (3 / 2))); CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

13. More examples a + b + c + d + e a – b / c + d * e a / (b + c) - d % e a / (b * (c + (d - e))) CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

14. Assignment Revisited lower precedence than the arithmetic operators evaluated right  left First the expression on the right hand side of the = operator is evaluated Then the result is stored in the variable on the left hand side answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest; 1432 CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

15. Assignment Revisited The right and left hand sides of an assignment statement can contain the same variable First, one is added to the original value of count Then the result is stored back into count (overwriting the original value) count = count + 1; CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

16. Increment and Decrement The increment operator ( ++ ) adds one to its operand The decrement operator ( -- ) subtracts one from its operand The statement count++; is functionally equivalent to count = count + 1; CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

17. Assignment operator Assignment ( = ) copies the value of the right side into the memory location associated with the left side It does not set up an ongoing equivalence int davesAge = 21; int suesAge = davesAge; davesAge = 22; System.out.println (davesAge); // prints 22 System.out.println (suesAge); // prints 21 CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University

18. Interactive Programs The Scanner class has methods for reading input We declare a Scanner object to read input from the keyboard: Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Scanner object keyboard input

19. Reading Input Once created, the Scanner object can be used to invoke various input methods, such as: answer = scan.nextLine(); The nextLine method reads all of the input until the end of the line is found Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Scanner object

20. Reading Input The Scanner class is part of the java.util class library, and must be imported into a program to be used The import statement goes at beginning of your program (above class definition) import java.util.Scanner; (See Echo.java ) Echo.java The details of object creation and class libraries are discussed further in Chapter 3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. //******************************************************************** // Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of the nextLine method of the Scanner class // to read a string from the user. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class Echo { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads a character string from the user and prints it. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main (String[] args) { String message; Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println ("Enter a line of text:"); message = scan.nextLine(); System.out.println ("You entered: \"" + message + "\""); }

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. //******************************************************************** // Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of the nextLine method of the Scanner class // to read a string from the user. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class Echo { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads a character string from the user and prints it. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main (String[] args) { String message; Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println ("Enter a line of text:"); message = scan.nextLine(); System.out.println ("You entered: \"" + message + "\""); } Sample Run Enter a line of text: You want fries with that? You entered: "You want fries with that?"

23. Reading in numbers nextInt reads in an integer: Example: age = scan.nextInt(); nextDouble similar method for type double White space (space, tab, new line) can be used to separate input tokens next reads the next input token and returns it as a string See GasMileage.java GasMileage.java Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. //******************************************************************** // GasMileage.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of the Scanner class to read numeric data. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class GasMileage { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Calculates fuel efficiency based on values entered by the // user. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main (String[] args) { int miles; double gallons, mpg; Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); continue

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. continue System.out.print ("Enter the number of miles: "); miles = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print ("Enter the gallons of fuel used: "); gallons = scan.nextDouble(); mpg = miles / gallons; System.out.println ("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg); }

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. continue System.out.print ("Enter the number of miles: "); miles = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print ("Enter the gallons of fuel used: "); gallons = scan.nextDouble(); mpg = miles / gallons; System.out.println ("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg); } Sample Run Enter the number of miles: 328 Enter the gallons of fuel used: 11.2 Miles Per Gallon: 29.28571428571429

27. Homework Read Sections 2.1 – 2.4 and 2.6 –Always do all self-review exercises when you review material Do Exercises EX 2.2 – 2.7 and 2.11 CSC 1051 M.A. Papalaskari, Villanova University