1. Endocrine System Marie Černá

2. Regulatory systems Nervous system Endocrine system

3. Glands Endocrine – hormone-secreting organs, secrete their chemical messengers directly into body fluids (blood) Exocrine – enzyme/mucus-secreting organs, secrete their chemical messengers into ducts that convey the products to the appropriate locations

4. Endocrine glands 1.Pineal gland 2. Hypothalamus + Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland + Parathyroid glands 4.Thymus 5.Adrenal glands 6.Pancreas 7.Ovary (female) 8.Testis (male)

5. Feedback inhibition

10. Pineal gland hormonechemical class representative actions regulated by Melatoninamineinvolved in biological rhythms light/dark cycles

13. Anterior pituitary hormone peptide/protein representative actions regulated by Growth hormoneGH ↑ growth + metabolism hypothalamic h. ProlactinPRL ↑ milk production + secretion hypothalamic h. Thyroid-stimu- lating hormone TSH ↑ thyroid glandhypothalamic h. thyroxine Adrenocortico- tropic hormone ACTH ↑ adrenal cortex → glucocorticoids hypothalamic h. glucocorticoids Follicle-stimu- lating hormone FSH ↑ production of ova and sperm hypothalamic h. Luteinizing hormone LH ↑ ovaries and testes hypothalamic h.

15. Posterior pituitary hormone peptide representative actions regulated by Antidiuretic hormone ADH↑ retention of water by kidneys water/salt balance Oxytocin↑ contraction of uterus + mammary gland cells nervous system

16. Thyroid gland

17. Follicular cells – thyroxine Parafollicular c-cells - calcitonin

18. Thyroid gland hormone representative actions regulated by T 4 Thyroxine T 3 amine↑ metabolic processesTSH Calcitoninpeptide↓ blood calcium levelcalcium in blood

19. T 4 Tetraiodothyronine T 3 Triiodothyronine

20. Parathyroid glands Hormone representative actions regulated by Parathyroid hormone, PTH peptide↑ blood calcium level calcium in blood

21. Homeostasis: Blood calcium level

22. Thyroid feedback

23. Adrenal glands

24. Medulla: adrenalin (epinephrine) + noradrenalin (norepinephrine) Cortex: z. reticularis – DHA dehydroepiandrosterone z. fasciculata – cortisol (glucocorticoids) z. glomerulosa – aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

25. Adrenal medulla Hormone representative actions regulated by adrenalin noradrenalin amine↑ blood glucose level ↑ metabolic activities vessel constriction nervous system

26. Catecholamines

27. Synthesis of catecholamines

28. Adrenal cortex hormone steroid representative actions regulated by Glucocorticoids↑ blood glucose levelACTH Mineralocorticoids↑ reabsorption of Na + + ↑ excretion of K + in kidneys kalium in blood

29. Steroids hormones

30. Sex hormones (steroids) Adrenal cortex TestesAndrogens OvariesEstrogens Progesterone

31. Sex hormones in female

32. Sex hormones in male

33. Pancreas

34. Pancreas Langerhans islets Alpha cells → glucagon Beta cells → insulin

35. Pancreas hormone peptide representative actions regulated by Insulin↓ blood glucose levelglucose in blood Glucagon↑ blood glucose levelglucose in blood

36. Circadian rhythms of blood glucose and insulin

38. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level ↑ blood glucose level Glucagon Glucocorticoids Catecholamines ↓ blood glucose level Insulin

39. Thymus

40. Thymus hormonechemical class representative actions regulated by Thymosinpeptidestimulates T lymphocytes

41. Literature Biology, eighth edition, Campbell, Reece Unit seven: Animal Form and Function Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System Pages 975 – 996