1. Endocrine System

2. Pituitary gland (hypophysis): approx 13mm in total, 2 lobes connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum -Follicle Stimulating Hormone – F: development of egg containing follicles, M: production/maturation of sperm -Luteinising Hormone – F: brings about ovulation, forms corpus luteum, -M: stimulates male sex hormone secretion Gonadotropins: affect gonads, ovaries & testes: Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis): Controlled by hypothalamus, releasing inhibiting/releasing factors (hormones) Hormones include:

3. Endocrine System Pituitary gland (hypophysis): Growth Hormone (Somatotropin): body growth, mainly skeleton. Increase rate of amino acid  protein conversion Thyroid Stimulating hormone (Thyrotropin): production and release of thyroid hormones Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Adrenocorticotropin): production and release of adrenal Cortex Hormones Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone): initiates/maintains milk secretion

4. Endocrine System Pituitary gland (hypophysis): Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) Releases but does not produce (made in hypothalamus, transported through single neurons): Oxytocin: contracts uterus (labour) & cells in mammary glands (milk let down) Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin): kidneys remove water from urine. At high conc can also cause constrictions specific arterioles

5. Endocrine System Thyroid Gland In the neck, 2 lobes, either side of trachea Secretes: Thyroxine (iodine & amino acid): controls metabolism by regulating breakdown/build up of molecules. Therefore, energy (heat) release. Parathyroid Gland Four glands, embedded in the four corners at the rear of the thyroid glands Secretes: Parathyroid hormone (parathormone): controls Ca, PO 4 levels in the blood

6. Endocrine System Adrenal Gland 2 adrenal glands, one above each kidney Inner (adrenal medulla) & outer (adrenal cortex) Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline (epinephrine): reinforces sympathetic nervous system Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): similar to adrenaline, increases rate and force of heartbeat Adrenal Cortex 2 Main secretions: Aldosterone: acts on kidney, reduces Na, increases K in urine Cortisol: Promotes normal metabolism & resistance to stress Thymus Secretes Thymosins: maturation of T-lymphocytes

7. Endocrine System Pancreas below the stomach, next to duodenum both exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine (special cells: Islets of Langerhans) Insulin: decreases blood glucose level - promotes uptake of glucose from blood, then: (In liver/skeletal muscles: glucose  glycogen/fat) Glucagon: increases blood glucose level (In liver: glycogen/fat  glucose) Gonads Androgens: male sex hormones, develop and maintain sex characteristics Oestrogen & Progesterone: female sex hormones, develop and maintain sex characteristics & regulate menstrual cycle.