1. A New Chapter in the Academy

2. Demand  In the 1960’s amid controversy there grew a demand for African American or Black Studies.  The demand for African American studies grew from Black students.  As the Blacks were demanding more involvement in American government  The civil rights and social equality moved on. http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/sncc.jpg

3.  World War II saw a time when America...  New hopes and African American emerged  Civil rights organization like the NAACP renewed its efforts.  Brown vs. the Board of Education led the way to school desegregation on 5/17/54.  White protests grew intense. http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/1960_04b.jpg

4.  Rosa Parks remained in her seat.  This triggered a series of boycotts all across the nation.  On Feb. 1, 1960 4 students from North Carolina A&T seated themselves at a segregated lunch counter at Woolworth’s.  Despite being taunted the students sat passively. http://www.mcfamily.info/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/sitin.jpg

5.  A number of organizations arose  SCLC  SNCC  CORE  These groups worked with grassroots organizations.  SNCC organized a local Black Panther Party in Lowdes County Alabama http://www.crmvet.org/crmpics/pins/s-sncc.jpg http://www.crmvet.org/crmpics/pins/s-sclc.jpg http://www.crmvet.org/info/pins.htm

6.  SNCC under Stokely Carmichael the group moved from integration to “independent Black politics, self-determination and economic self-sufficiency.”  Black Power was born.  This had an enormous effect on the masses of Black folk throughout the US. http://www.nndb.com/people/081/000113739/stokely-carmichael-young.jpg

7.  The Black Panthers were founded in Oakland Ca in 1966 and “adopted the name and symbol of the defunct SNCC Black Panther political party.”  Members  Original six Black Panthers (November, 1966) Top left to right: Elbert "Big Man" Howard; Huey P. Newton (Defense Minister), Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale (Chairman). Bottom: Reggie Forte and Little Bobby Hutton (Treasurer). http://www.ucc.ie/acad/socstud/tmp_store/mia_2/Library/history/usa/workers/black- panthers/pics/november-6.jpg

8.  The leaders of the various organizations realized that in order for Black Power to become a reality they would have to utilize education and technological resources.  The students looked toward college campuses for their role/complicity in the process. http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/black-power- mexico-city-olympics-1968.jpg

9.  At many institutions students demanded a more inclusive curriculum to serve their needs and the needs of their communities.  Initially at San Francisco State white student activists were able to get money from a sizeable budget to fund programs such as tutorials for children of the inner city. http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/exhibits/protests/images/black_power.jpg

10.  White student programs along with the development of the BSU - Black Student Union lead to the initiation and growth of African American studies.  In December of 1967 under pressure by the BSU the Acting President of the college “virtually conceded a Black Studies Department” and appointed Dr. Nathan Hare to develop the curriculum.  However, the board of trustees stalled the program. http://www.ci.akron.oh.us/blackhist/timeline/images/NathanHare.jpg

11.  The students then decided to strike and on November 6th “effectively closed the college.”  Many of the student body supported their decision and participated in the strike.  Finally at the end of 1968 San Francisco State College established a Black Studies Program. http://www.1968conf.org/filmpix/closecampussigns.jpg

14. Black Consciousness an Community Orientation Nathan Hare is the main proponent of this position. Strong connections Black Consciousness. Study lives and contributions Black have made. http://www.thehistorymakers.com/bio_images/1144280652.jpg

15. Kawaida Theory Maulana Karenga developed this theory. http://maulanakarenga.org/images/karenga-photo1.jpg

16. Afrocentricity: Concept and Approach Molefi Asante Afrocentric approach in all things provides much better and healthier perspectives and solutions to problems that plague the African American community. http://www.pepperdine.edu/pr/images/asantelarge.jpg