1. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 The Internet as a Field of War Anne Plouy Claerwen O’Hara Louis Léonet Lucy Turner Leiden University, The Netherlands

2. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 2 Why? Military spending Increase in attacks Heightened vulnerability Increase in number of vigilantes International Humanitarian Law is old

3. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Stuxnet: first 60th of Stuxnet binary 3 http://julianoliver.com/output/log_2012-11-12_19-56

4. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 4 International Humanitarian Law (IHL) 1.Applicability 2.Distinction 3.Proportionality 4.Precaution

5. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Issue 1: Applicability of IHL International humanitarian law= law of armed conflict Governs cyber warfare 5 http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/18 5125-how-to-watch-hacking-and- cyberwarfare-between-the-usa-and- china-in-real-time

6. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 6 Issue 1: Applicability of IHL Armed conflict: 1) Armed force Non-physical consequences 2) International or non-international armed conflict Anonymity Defies national boundaries

7. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 7 Issue 2: Distinction Key Points: Military/civilian objects No indiscriminate attacks Identification MSF Hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/kunduz-charity-hospital-bombing-violates-international-law#img-2

8. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 8 Issue 2: Distinction Problems for Cyber Warfare: Internet as “Dual-purpose” Viruses and Worms Stuxnet – did it distinguish? DDoS Attacks IP addresses Hackers as combatants? Natanz Nuclear Facility Hamed Saber http://www.flickr.com/photos/hamed/237790717

9. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 9 Issue 3: Proportionality Civilians Civilians Objects Lawful Objective

10. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Issue 3: Proportionality 10 ANTICIPATED EXPECTED MILITARY ADVANTAGE COLLATERAL DAMAGE

11. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Issue 3: Proportionality Challenges Regarding Cyber Warfare: Physical Damage VS Loss of Functionality Unexpected & Indirect Consequences  Reasonableness  “A Posteriori Evaluation” Dual-Use Objects  Usability Ratio? 11

12. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 12 Issue 4: Precaution Legal Key Points: Definition Two parts obligation Precaution in attack Precaution against the effects of an attack

13. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 Issue 4: Precaution The “Perfect Weapon”: - ‘Turn it off’ - Information needed to create a weapon BUT Testing Suspend & Cancel the attack Segregation & Protection 13

14. Leiden University, 16/11/2015 14 Suggestions for the future? Modernizing the law Limiters for worms and viruses Internet as a global commons? WarGames (1983)

15. Questions?