1. Ａ Novel GPS-based Quorum Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Wireless Network I-Shyan Hwang and Chih-Kang Chien

2. Outline Introduction GPS-QHRA Out of the Ordinary Simulation Evaluation Conclusion

3. Introduction GPS-QHRA of this paper combines –ZHLS (GPS-based) and UQS (Uniform Quorum System) algorithm –Table-Driven and On-Demand technology GPS-QHRA of this paper may have –shorter paths –Better performance

4. Introduction The comparison of three technologies Type of Routing Algorithm Table-DrivenOn-DemandHybrid Overhead for routing maintenance CrucialNoneNormal Speed of path discovery FastestSlowNormal Resource saving WorseBetterNormal Network overhead for path discovery LightCrucialNormal Effect of host mobility on network CrucialLightNormal Large scale network topology Bad Good Small scale network topology Good Bad

5. GPS-QHRA System Assumptions and Defines –Each node has a unique ID –Each node’s location was mapped to the zone map –Each node has a synchronization clock –The power of every node is identical –Collision and bandwidth allocation problem are not considered –If a zone should lack a node, then the GPS-QHRA fault tolerance mechanism is applied

6. GPS-QHRA Transmission Range Fig1 Transmission radius within a GPS-QHRA zone The zone and transmission range of GPS- QHRA

7. GPS-QHRA 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 6 9 11 3 Fig2 Zone map of GPS-QHRA 1 4 2 5 6 3 Fig4 Entire topology of GPS-QHRA v g w t n l z c s b f h a u q r e i k j m d p map Table-Driven On-Demand Initiation of GPS-QHRA

8. GPS-QHRA When source and destination are in the same zone, the Table-Driven algorithm is used. It uses GPS-DFA algorithm –A broadcast method –Action in the same zone

9. GPS-QHRA be c f g a d NF (a) be c f g a d NC (c) be c f g a d (b) be c f g a (d) d Fig3 Determination of location database node in GPS-QHRA Table-Driven On-Demand Step1. Determination of LDN in one zone

10. GPS-QHRA 1 4 2 5 6 3 Fig4 Entire topology of GPS-QHRA v g w t n l z c s b f h a u q r e i k j m d p Step2. Entire topology of GPS-QHRA Table-Driven On-Demand

11. GPS-QHRA If the source and destination are in distinct zones, then the On-Demand routing algorithm is applied. It uses UQS algorithm –The three routing table Intra-zone routing table Inter-zone routing table Node’s location table

12. GPS-QHRA e a d c f b h g Fig5 Intra-zone topology of GPS-QHRA a b e Indirect node LDN direct node Intra-zone routing table Inter-zone routing table Node’s location table Three node of intra-zone routing algorithm

13. GPS-QHRA DestinationNext NodeRemark ABIndirect BBDirect CC DCIndirect FFDirect GG HH Table2.Intra-zone routing table generated in Fig5 One intra-zone routing table of node e Intra-zone routing table Inter-zone routing table Node’s location table

14. GPS-QHRA Inter-zone routing table –Recorded by gateway Intra-zone routing table Inter-zone routing table Node’s location table

15. GPS-QHRA ZoneNode Resident 1b, c, v, s, z 2e, f, g, h 3i, j, k, l Table4 Routing information table generated by Fig5 Intra-zone routing table Inter-zone routing table Node’s location table  Assumed UQSs are ((1, 2, 3)(1, 4, 5)(2, 4, 6)(3, 5, 6))  For example (1, 2, 3)  After the intra-zone table constructed  LDN 1 multi-casts the zone’s information to 2, 3

16. Out of the Ordinary Location update rule of GPS-QHRA –Regular update –Update on transmission

17. Out of the Ordinary Rule for Re-determining LDN –When the LDN moves to the danger zone –Regular update –GPS-DFA be c f g a d Fig6 Re-determination location database node in GPS-QHRA d

18. Out of the Ordinary Fault-Tolerance in GPS-QHRA Fig7 (a) Fault-tolerance in GPS-QHRA b c a k l d f g i a j h e Free node (b) Node b becomes the new LDN c a k l d f g i j h e b