1. I.The Byzantine Empire

2. A. The Early Byzantine Empire 1.Capital: Constantinople (after Roman emperor Constantine) 2.Geography: lies on the Strait of Bosporus - strategic trade location

3. B. “Two Romes” 1.Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5 th c. CE…keep Roman ideas alive 2.Byzantines in power from 500’s-1200’s 3.More Greek than Latin

4. C. Constantinople 1.Capital & center of empire 2.Regulated all trade 3.Linked Asia & Europe

6. The Byzantine empire & its neighbors (527-554 C.E.)

8. D. The Theme System 1.Administrative organization strengthened free peasants… 2.Each province (theme) under control of a general 3.Generals recruited armies from free peasants 4.very complex bureaucracy

9. E. Caesaropapism 1.Power centralized in Emperor 2.Absolute authority 3.Royal court etiquette (royal purple, prostration)

10. JUSTINIAN & THEODORA

11. F. Justinian (527-565 CE) 1.The “sleepless emperor” Theodora 2.Wife Theodora as advisor 3.Ambitious construction Hagia Sophia – Hagia Sophia church Justinian’s Code 4.Justinian’s Code (Corpus of Civil Law) influenced by Rome & influenced rest of Europe

16. G. After Justinian 1.Islamic empires attack 2.Constantinople attacked over & over 3.Built strong navy & used “Greek fire”

17. THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

18. H. Christianity Splits schism 1. Several issues divided Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox & created a schism: -supremacy of Pope in Rome (Patriarch in Byzantium) -differing rituals icons -religious icons in E. Orthodox Church

22. I. Decline of the Byzantine Empire 1. INVASIONS – Slavs to the north and the Seljuk Turks from Asia Minor Crusades 2.Led to Crusades: religious holy wars over Jerusalem Istanbul 3.1453 falls to Ottoman Turks, renamed Istanbul

23. 6 th c. Arabia: A Threat to the Great Empires 6 th c. Arabia: A Threat to the Great Empires ? ? ? ?

24. BYZANTINE EMPIRE BY 1400

26. Thesis Writing Exercise: What factors contributed to the split between the Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Church?

27. II.Early Middle Ages: 476–1000

28. A. Frankish Kings: Franks 1.Gaul ruled by a group called the Franks: - converted to Christianity Charles “the Hammer” Martel 2.Charles “the Hammer” Martel (r. 714-741): - defeated Muslim Expansion into Europe Battle of Tours - Battle of Tours (732)

29. B.Charlemagne (r. 768-814): 1.expanded Frankish kingdom into Germany, Spain, & Italy 2.crowned “Emperor of the Romans” in 800 by Pope Leo III Carolingian Renaissance 3.“Carolingian Renaissance”: – Established schools (in churches/monasteries) – Provided seeds of intellectualism for later Renaissance – Preserved Classical-Christian culture 4. Created relationship of kings with the Church

30. Charlemagne aka Karolus Magnus aka Charles “the Great”

32. A New Capital: Aachen

33. Classical columns and arches from Aachen:

34. C. After Charlemagne 1.Empire split up between 3 grandchildren: – Emperor Lothar – King Louis “the German” – King Charles “the Bald”

36. 1.manorial society develops (agricultural) 2.nobles & bishops form land holding elite 3.estates were farmed by slaves or rent-paying villagers (serfs) 4.small agrarian communities with private armies… D. Medieval Economy & Society:

37. People lived in small rural communities:

39. E. 800’s – 900’s: 1.Muslims, Vikings, & Magyars invade 2.Effect of resulting fragmentation? -- increased power to local land holders (lords)… FEUDALISM -- resulted in political system of FEUDALISM

40. Invasions of the Vikings, Magyars (Huns) & Muslims continued periodically until 1000 C.E.

41. lord 1.The landowner: “lord” vassal 2.The recipient of the land: “vassal” F. The Feudal System: knights 3. vassalage: knights swearing an oath to their lord

42. fief land itself was called the “fief”:

43. Serfs had no geographic mobility… they were legally bound to the manor

44. G. Development of Knights: 1.Frankish army: foot soldiers in chain mail w/ swords & horsemen 2.Used long lances on horseback

45. Medieval Weapons:

46. H. The Nobility of the Middle Ages: 1.Nobles dominated European society - main concern was warfare - nobles were kings, dukes, counts, barons, and bishops chivalry 2.chivalry: ideal behavior of the nobility to defend

47. Life on the Medieval manor: What they are doing? Who on the manor would not be doing this?

48. What economic information can be inferred from this illustration?

49. How are these people different from the previous two paintings? What they are doing ?

51. Why is this building so important to these serfs? Who owns and lives in the castle? What are his functions on the manor?