2. The Water-Soluble Vitamins B Vitamins and Vitamin C

3. The Vitamins Vitamins vs carbohydrates, fats, and proteinsVitamins vs carbohydrates, fats, and proteins –Structure –Function –Food contents

4. The Vitamins BioavailabilityBioavailability PrecursorsPrecursors Organic natureOrganic nature

5. The Vitamins SolubilitySolubility ToxicityToxicity

6. The Vitamins

8. The B Vitamins CoenzymesCoenzymes

9. Thiamin Other names: Vitamin B 1Other names: Vitamin B 1 1998 RDA1998 RDA –men: 1.2 mg/day –women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism

10. Thiamin Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products –Moderate amounts in all nutritious food –Pork Easily destroyed by heatEasily destroyed by heat

11. Thiamin Deficiency diseaseDeficiency disease –Beriberi Wet, with edemaWet, with edema Dry, with muscle wastingDry, with muscle wasting Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Enlarged heart, cardiac failure –Muscular weakness –Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability –Anorexia, weight loss Toxicity symptoms: none reportedToxicity symptoms: none reported

12. Thiamin Sources

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14. Riboflavin

15. Riboflavin Other names: Vitamin B 2Other names: Vitamin B 2 1998 RDA1998 RDA –Men: 1.3 mg/day –Women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.

16. Riboflavin Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Milk products (yogurt, cheese) –Enriched or whole grains –Liver Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiationEasily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation

17. Riboflavin Deficiency disease: ariboflavinosisDeficiency disease: ariboflavinosis Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea –Sore throat –Cracks and redness at corners of mouth –Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue –Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales Toxicity symptoms: none reportedToxicity symptoms: none reported

18. Riboflavin Sources

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20. Niacin Other namesOther names –Nicotinic acid –Nicotinamide –Niacinamide –Vitamin B 3 Precursor: dietary tryptophanPrecursor: dietary tryptophan 1998 RDA1998 RDA –Men: 16 mg NE/day –Women: 14 mg NE/day Upper level for adults: 35 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 35 mg/day

21. Niacin Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish –Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals –Nuts –All protein-containing foods

22. Niacin Deficiency disease: pellagraDeficiency disease: pellagra Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting –Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue –Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache –Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight

23. Niacin Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms –Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”) –Excessive sweating –Blurred vision –Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

24. Niacin Sources

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26. Biotin 1998 adequate intake (AI)1998 adequate intake (AI) –Adults: 30 g/day Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Widespread in foods –Organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains –Also produced by GI bacteria

27. Biotin Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs –Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth –Hair loss Toxicity symptoms: none reportedToxicity symptoms: none reported

28. Pantothenic Acid 1998 adequate intake (AI)1998 adequate intake (AI) –Adults: 5 mg/day Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Widespread in foods –Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains Easily destroyed by food processingEasily destroyed by food processing

29. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps –Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy –Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin Toxicity symptoms: none reportedToxicity symptoms: none reported

30. Vitamin B 6 Other namesOther names –Pyridoxine –Pyridoxal –Pyridoxamine 1998 RDA1998 RDA –Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 100 mg/day

31. Vitamin B 6 Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism –Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin –Helps to make red blood cells

32. Vitamin B 6 Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Meats, fish, poultry –Potatoes, legumes, noncitrus fruits –Fortified cereals –Liver –Soy products Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Scaly dermatitis –Anemia (small-cell type) –Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

33. Vitamin B 6 Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms –Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches –Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions –Skin lesions

34. Vitamin B 6 Sources

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36. Folate

37. Folate

38. Folate AbsorptionAbsorption ActivationActivation –Vitamin B 12

39. Folate RecommendationsRecommendations –Dietary folate equivalents (DFE)

40. Folate Neural tube defectsNeural tube defects –Spina bifida

41. Folate Heart diseaseHeart disease CancerCancer

42. Folate: In Summary Other namesOther names –Folic acid –Folacin –Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 1998 RDA1998 RDA –Adults: 400 g/day Upper level for adults: 1000 g/dayUpper level for adults: 1000 g/day

43. Folate: In Summary Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Fortified grains –Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds –Liver

44. Folate: In Summary Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Anemia (large-cell type) –Smooth, red tongue –Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms –Masks vitamin B 12 -deficiency symptoms

45. Folate Sources

47. Vitamin B 12 ActivationActivation –Folate

48. Vitamin B 12 AbsorptionAbsorption –HCl –Pepsin –Intrinsic factor

49. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency of folate or B 12 produces pernicious anemiaDeficiency of folate or B 12 produces pernicious anemia

50. Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Other names: cobalamin (and related forms)Other names: cobalamin (and related forms) 1998 RDA1998 RDA –Adults: 2.4 g/day Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis –Helps to maintain nerve cells –Reforms folate coenzyme –Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

51. Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs) –Fortified cereals Easily destroyed by microwave cookingEasily destroyed by microwave cooking Deficiency disease: pernicious anemiaDeficiency disease: pernicious anemia

52. Vitamin B 12 : In Summary Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Anemia (large-cell type) –Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis Toxicity symptoms: none reportedToxicity symptoms: none reported

53. Non-B Vitamins CholineCholine

54. Non-B Vitamins InositolInositol CarnitineCarnitine Vitamin impostersVitamin imposters

55. Metabolic Pathways Involving B Vitamins

56. The B Vitamins B vitamin deficienciesB vitamin deficiencies –Glossitis –Cheilosis B vitamin toxicitiesB vitamin toxicities B vitamin food sourcesB vitamin food sources

57. Vitamin C

58. Other name: ascorbic acidOther name: ascorbic acid 2000 RDA2000 RDA –Men: 90 mg/day –Women: 75 mg/day –Smokers: + 35 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 2000 mg/day

59. Vitamin C Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body –Collagen synthesis Strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growthStrengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth –Antioxidant –Thyroxin synthesis –Amino acid metabolism –Strengthens resistance to infection –Helps in absorption of iron

60. Vitamin C Significant sourcesSignificant sources –Citrus fruits –Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli) –Cantaloupe, strawberries –Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes –Papayas, mangoes Easily destroyed by heat and oxygenEasily destroyed by heat and oxygen

61. Vitamin C Deficiency disease: scurvyDeficiency disease: scurvy Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms –Anemia (small-cell type) –Atherosclerotic plaques –Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain –Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loosened teeth –Muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises

62. Vitamin C Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms –Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea –Headache, fatigue, insomnia –Hot flashes, rashes –Interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

63. Vitamin C Sources

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65. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Arguments for supplementsArguments for supplements –Correct overt deficiencies –Improve nutrition status –Reduce disease risks –Support increased nutrient needs –Improve the body’s defenses

66. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Who needs supplements?Who needs supplements?

67. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Arguments against supplementsArguments against supplements –Toxicity –Life-threatening misinformation –Unknown needs –False sense of security –Other invalid reasons

70. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements BioavailabilityBioavailability Antagonistic actionsAntagonistic actions

71. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Selection of supplementsSelection of supplements –Form –Contents –Misleading claims –Cost

72. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements Regulation of supplementsRegulation of supplements

73. An Example of a Supplement Label