2. REMEMBERING SOME OF THE LESSONS FROM ONE OF 2013’S UNEXPECTED DISASTERS PART 4: TSUNAMI TRASH Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A COMMUNITY’S RISK EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS TYPHOONS FLOODS LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE

4. REGIONAL DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI VIBRATION FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE AMPLIFICATIONLIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDEAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

5. TSUNAMIS OCCUR IN THE PACIFIC’S “RING OF FIRE,” THE INDIAN OCEAN, THE CARIBBEAN, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI WAVES CAN AFFECT DISTANT SHORELINES THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM THE EPICENTER OCCUR IN THE PACIFIC’S “RING OF FIRE,” THE INDIAN OCEAN, THE CARIBBEAN, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMI WAVES CAN AFFECT DISTANT SHORELINES THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM THE EPICENTER

6. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

7. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

8. THE TOHOKU DISASTER: MARCH 11, 2011

9. REGIONAL MAP

10. THE TOHOKU QUAKE/TSUNAMIGENIC ZONE

11. AN OFFSHORE EPICENTER It only took seconds for the P- and S-waves to reach Sendai, and about 15 minutes for the tsunami waves, but what a difference in damage..

12. THE TOHOKU DISASTER: MARCH 11, 2011 The M9.0 Tohoku earthquake was huge, but its ground shaking did NOT cause the disaster that killed an estimated 21,000 people … The tsunami generated by the earthquake did!

13. THE TSUNAMI—the beginning The tsunami, with wave heights reaching 40 m in some locations, slammed the east coast of Japan, sweeping away boats, cars, homes and people, before racing across the Pacific, - - -

14. TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE

15. TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN

16. OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI

17. TSUNAMI WAVS: SENDAI AIRPORT

18. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

19. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

20. TSUNAMI DAMAGE

21. SOCIETAL IMPACTS Four and one-half million left without electricity. One and one-half million without water. Metro, trains, and airport shut down. 1.2 million buildings damaged. Economic losses estimated at $574 billion and deaths at 21,000.

22. ESTIMATES OF THE AMOUNT OF TSUNAMI TRASH According to official estimates, the 2011 tsunami washed about 5 million tons of debris into the ocean. About two-thirds of that quickly sank. The remainder was carried along the coast of Japan and then out into the Pacific Ocean

23. THE TSUNAMI RACED ACROSS THE PACIFIC

24. ACROSS THE PACIFIC --- The tsunami waves raced across the Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800 mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska and Hawaii and other parts of the West Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later along the coast of South America.

25. FOLLOWED BY A CONTINUUM OF TRASH ARRIVALS --- The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami began to reach the west coast of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating new, complex, and unexpected ecological and environmental problems.

26. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH Studies showed that items like fishing buoys that catch the wind easily eventually ended up on the western coast of North America, from Alaska to Oregon.

27. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH Items like boats, docks and refrigerators that catch some wind, but are also influenced by currents, headed towards the same USA coasts, then on to Hawaii, and are now circling around Hawaii before continuing onward.

28. TSUNAMI TRASH ARRIVES IN OREGEN WITH LIFE ABOARD: 15 MONTHS LATER

29. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCK THAT REACHED OREGON The dock ripped off a port in Japan was massive: A 188-ton, 20-meter long concrete, steel and styrofoam block, draped in streamers of seaweed and plastered with mussels, barnacles, crabs and more than 100 other marine organisms.

30. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH Items like fishing nets and lines that move underwater were carried entirely by currents and are now ending up in the Pacific Garbage Patch, a sprawling vortex in the North Pacific where plastic and other trash collects. Some of this trash may eventually be carried back toward Japan.

31. THE TSUNAMI TRASH--- STILL TRAVELLING --- The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami is expected to continue arriving along the entire West Coast of North America during 2014. By 2016, it is estimated that the debris will return again to Hawaii, leaving little time for Hawaii’s beaches, reefs and wildlife to recover from the 2012 hit.

32. LESSONS LEARNED FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL TSUNAMIS. EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR TIMELY EVACUATION OF PEOPLE AND SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES (E.G., NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS).

33. UNEXPECTED IMPACTS DO HAPPEN Radiation levels at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility were 1,000 times normal levels.

34. FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES

35. LESSONS LEARNED: EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAN BECOME A NIGHTMARE! The fires and explosions in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility and radiation levels that were 1,000 times normal levels created a “nightmare emergency response scenario” for the Government of Japan.

36. Immediately after the earthquake and tsunami, the Japanese Government began implementing its post- disaster response plans in a highly-charged, possible “nightmare nuclear disaster” environment.

37. EVACUATION Approximately 450,000 people were evacuated by military personnel from areas damaged in the quake and in a 33 km radius around the nuclear facilities

38. EVACUATION OF CHILDREN

39. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE Approximately 50,000 members of Japan’s Self Defense Forces were mobilized immediately and sent to the hardest hit areas.

40. LESSONS LEARNED: SEARCH AND RESCUE CAN BE UNUSUALLY DIFFICULT With so many people (about 20,000) missing over a wide area after the tsunami, search and rescue was an unusually difficult, highly-stressed, and politically sensitive operation.

41. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAMS The Japanese top urban search and rescue teams, which had been helping in the search for Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake victims for two weeks, were ordered to return to Japan..

42. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE Tokushu Kyuunan Tai, the search and rescue unit of Japan’s Coast Guard, was dispatched to accelerate search and rescue operations..

43. SEARCH AND RESCUE

44. SEARCH AND RESCUE: RIKUZENTAKADA

45. SEARCH AND RESCUE: SOMA; FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE

46. SEARCH AND RESCUE: MIYAGI PREFECTURE

47. All actions were conducted with knowledge of the high risk associated with a significant radiation release and the unthinkable possibility of a nuclear melt down.

48. LESSONS LEARNED: THE “IMPOSSIBLE” MAY REALLY BE IMPOSSIBLE Search and rescue operations, evacuations, and humanitarian assistance on local and global scales were all slowed to a crawl by the possibility of a “nightmare nuclear disaster.”

49. 69 COUNTRIES THAT PROMISED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE COULD NOT DELIVER BECAUSE OF THE PERCEIVED RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEAR RADIATION, THE BAD WEATHER, PROBLEMS ON THE GROUND, AND LACK OF FUEL

50. LESSONS LEARNED: MASS CARE CAN BORDER ON THE IMPOSSIBLE Shortages, closed roads, and lack of fuel made it very difficult to meet evacuee’s and survivors’ needs for food, water, electricity, medicine, and urgent healthcare.

51. LESSONS LEARNED: BE READY TO WORK AT THE LIMITS OF YOUR CAPABILITY Japan’s social, technical, administrative, political, legal, health care, and economic systems were tested to their limits by the socio-economic impacts of the tsunami, the radiation, and the harsh weather..

52. TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

53. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES IN YOUR REGION, 2) BE PREPARED 3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) HAVE AN EVACUATION PLAN 5) ACCELERATE CAPACITY BUILDING BY LEARNING FROM OTHERS’ EXPERIENCES

54. COMMUNITIES COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS TSUNAMI HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION TSUNAMI RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/WARNINGS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

55. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE  USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE THE CREATION OF TURNING POINTS

56. LESSONS LEARNED FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL TSUNAMIS CAPACITY BUILDING FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NEVER FINISHED.

57. 2014--2020 IS A GOOD TIME FOR A GLOBAL SURGE IN EDUCATIONAL, TECHNICAL, HEALTH CARE, AND POLITICAL CAPACITY BUILDING IN ALL FIVE PILLARS OF COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE

58. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE  INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS FOR POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, COPING WITH TSUNAMI TRASH, AND RECOVERY

59. INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS THE KNOWLEDGE BASE Best Practices for Mitigation Adaptation and Monitoring Gateways to a Deeper Understanding Real and Near- Real Time Monitoring Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Characterization Anticipatory Actions for all Events and Situations Situation Data Bases Interfaces with all Real- and Near Real-Time Sources Cause & Effect Relationships APPLICATIONS Implement Modern Codes and Lifeline Standards Relocation/Protection of Offshore Facilitiess Create a Hazard Zonation Map as a Policy Tool Introduce New Technologies Move Towards A Disaster Intelligent Community EDUCATIONAL SURGES Involve Multiple Partners in Turning Point Surges Enlighten Communities on Their Risks Build Strategic Equity Through Disaster Scenarios Multiply Capability by International Twinning Update Knowledge Bases After Each Disaster OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: For Disaster Resilience on local, regional, national, and global scales