1. The Nervous System  Nervous System  the body ’ s speedy, electrochemical communication system  consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)  the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

2. The Nervous System Central (brain and spinal cord) Nervous system Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) Peripheral

3. The Nervous System  Somatic Nervous System  the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body ’ s skeletal muscles  Autonomic Nervous System  the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

4. The Nervous System  Sympathetic Nervous System  division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations  Parasympathetic Nervous System  division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

5. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS “ Arouses ” (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic NS “ Calms ” (rest and digest)

6. The Nervous System

8. Brain and Spinal Cord  Central Nervous System (CNS)  the brain and spinal cord  Brain  part of the CNS that plays important roles in sensation, movement, and information processing.  Spinal Cord  plays a role in body reflexes and in communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

9. The Nervous System  Reflex  a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Skin receptors Muscle Sensory neuron (incoming information) Motor neuron (outgoing information) Brain Interneuron Spinal cord

10. Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple Reflex

11. The Nervous System  Neural Networks  interconnected neural cells  with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results  computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning InputsOutputs Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback

14. Have you ever wondered how a woman's brain works? Well....it's finally explained here in one, easy-to-understand illustration: and I bet there is not one man out there that will disagree......

15. Every one of those little blue balls is a thought about something that needs to be done, a decision or a problem that needs to be solved NEEDS NO FURTHER DISCUSSION.

16. The Brain

17. Techniques to Study the Brain A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction. Hubel (1990)

18. Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued. Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

19. Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

20. The Brain  CT (computed tomography) Scan  a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan  PET (positron emission tomography) Scan  a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

21. PET Scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

22. PET Scan

23. The Brain  MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)  a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain  Stimulation  Electrical stimulation of the brain involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate it. (It is not painful because the brain has no pain receptors

24. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano PhotoLucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

25. The Brain  Brainstem  the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull  responsible for automatic survival functions

26. Developing Brain Neural tube—beginning of nervous system develops at 2 weeks after conception Neurogenesis—development of new neurons

27. Figure 2.16 The brainstem and thalamus Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers