1. ALGAE Lives in water Absorbs water and nutrients through all surfaces Fertilization occurs in water No true roots or leaves

2. example

3. LIFE ON LAND LIMITATIONS: not enough water SOLUTIONS: Protection from drying out: waxy cuticle Protection from drying out: waxy cuticle A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle (stoma) A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle (stoma)

5. Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

6. Still no true roots remain small because must absorb water from ground like a sponge remain small because must absorb water from ground like a sponge No vascular system (“plumbing”) Remain small because cannot get water farther than it can be absorbed Remain small because cannot get water farther than it can be absorbed Still need water to get sperm to eggs Limited to damp habitats for survival and reproduction

7. Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

8. MORE SOLUTIONS VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”) ROOTS Can reside in areas that are dry on the surface some of the year Can reside in areas that are dry on the surface some of the year Can access water and mineral nutirents from below soil surface Can access water and mineral nutirents from below soil surface Can grow taller and better compete for sunlight Can grow taller and better compete for sunlight

9. Lower Vascular Plants - ferns and fern allies -

10. Lower Vascular Plants LIMITATIONS: Cannot live outside of damp areas Still need water to get sperm to eggs Still need water to get sperm to eggs Embryo very vulnerable – low survival rate Embryo very vulnerable – low survival rate Limited to damp habitats for reproduction

11. MORE SOLUTIONS POLLEN POLLEN sperm no longer needs to swim to egg in water can be carried (even further) by wind -> More genetic diversity SEEDS: SEEDS: Embryo protected by seed coat Embryo nourished by endosperm -> Greater survival – more genes passed on IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood) IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood) Can grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlight Can grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlight Deep roots can tap more resources Deep roots can tap more resources

12. Vascular Plants with SEEDS - seed plants -

14. GYMNOSPERMS - limitations - wind disperses pollen Not always reliable Not always reliable Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen is carried Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen is carried wind disperses seeds Not always reliable Not always reliable Limits rate of spread to new habitats Limits rate of spread to new habitats

15. EVEN MORE SOLUTIONS FLOWERS FLOWERS Attract and reward animal pollinators Improve prospects of fertilization Improve prospects of fertilization Increase outcrossing Increase outcrossing FRUIT FRUIT Aid in dispersal of seeds Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits) Greatly increase colonization of new habitats Greatly increase colonization of new habitats Decrease local competition Decrease local competition Increase outcrossing Increase outcrossing

16. FLOWERS

17. FLOWERS & POLLINATORS

18. FRUIT

19. FRUIT