1. Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Earthquake Engineering Dr. Erol Kalkan, P.E. United States Geological Survey TUFTS, 2008

2. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 2/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. This study is based on a paper published in the Journal of Structural Engineering, and winner of the 2008 ASCE Raymond Reese Research Award

3. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 3/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Outline Seismic Analysis Methods of Structures Nonlinear Static Analysis – Fundamental Theory – Conventional Methods (FEMA and ATC) – Limitations Adaptive Nonlinear Static Analysis – Methodology Developed – Comparative Results Summary & Conclusions

4. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 4/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Linear static procedures Equivalent static analysis Linear dynamic procedures Modal analysis Direct time-history analysis Nonlinear static analysis - Nonlinear static procedures (NSPs) Capacity spectrum analysis (ATC-40, FEMA-440) Displacement coefficients method (FEMA-273-274,356,440) - Improved NSPs Modal pushover analysis (MPA) (Chopra & Goel, 2002) Adaptive Modal Combination (AMC) (Kalkan & Kunnath, 2006) Nonlinear dynamic analysis Seismic Analysis Methods of Structures Most common in routine applications

5. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 5/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Nonlinear Static Analysis Conceptual Theory & Current Practice

6. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 6/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Multi-degree-of-freedom (MDF) system seismic behavior can be approximated with certain accuracy by equivalent SDF systems. Equivalent SDF (ESDF) system properties are computed by conducting pushover analyses…

7. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 7/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Conventional Nonlinear Static (Pushover) Analysis Choose height-wise distribution of lateral forces Monotonically increase lateral forces till the “control node” reaches a “target displacement” i.e., increasing load factor while fixing load pattern. Develop pushover (capacity) curve: Plot of base shear vs. roof displacement urur VbVb

8. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 8/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Summary of Nonlinear Static AnalysisV   VInelastic SDF System Target Displacement of MDF System u t utut ujuj jj Capacity estimation at target displacement Pushover Analysis Participation Factor,  n Dn Fsn/Ln ESD System Force-Deformation Relation

9. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 9/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Fundamental Assumptions: The response of the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDF) structure can be related to the response of an equivalent SDF system, implying that the response is controlled by a single mode and this mode shape remains unchanged even after yielding occurs. The invariant lateral force distribution can represent and bound the distribution of inertia forces during an earthquake.

10. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 10/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Two Important Components of Nonlinear Static Analysis

11. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 11/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng.  ELF and SRSS distributions intended to consider higher mode responses Height-wise Distribution of Lateral Forces: FEMA Recommendations

12. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 12/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. FEMA Recommended Force Distributions Each force distribution pushes all floors in same direction

13. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 13/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Higher Mode Response InitialYieldingInitial Yielding InitialYieldingInitial Yielding

14. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 14/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Two Important Components of Nonlinear Static Analysis

15. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 15/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Target Displacement Estimation (Displacement Coefficient Method) u f Elastic SDF System u f Inelastic SDF System u f Inelastic MDF System C 0 = Constant to relate elastic deformation of SDF and MDF system

16. Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 16/55 Displacement Coefficient Method FEMA-356: C inel =C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 = Ratio of inelastic and elastic SDF systems C 2 = Constant to account for effects of pinching, stiffness degradation, and strength deterioration C 3 = Constant to account for P- Delta effects ASCE-41: C inel = C 1 C 2 C 1 = Ratio of inelastic and elastic SDF systems C 2 = Constant to account for cyclic degradation of stiffness and strength Upper limit on R to avoid dynamic instability

17. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 17/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Capacity Spectrum Method u f Inelastic MDF System u f Equivalent Linear Elastic SDF System T eq,  eq u f Inelastic SDF System

18. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 18/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Capacity Spectrum Method – Equivalent Damping Concept For bilinear systems Requires iterations to compute T eq and  eq because of unknown ductility (u inel / u elas ) T eq = T sec SdSd SaSa E So EDED

19. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 19/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. FEMA-440 Capacity Spectrum Method A to K = Constants that depend on hysteretic behavior and post- yield stiffness ratio

20. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 20/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Limitations of Conventional (FEMA & ATC) Nonlinear Static Analysis Procedures > Restricted to single mode response, can be reliably apply to 2D response of low-rise structures in regular plan. > Gives erroneous results in case of: Higher Mode Effects Plan Irregularities (i.e., Torsion, Vertical Irregularities) > No established procedure for 3D pushover analysis yet.

21. Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis

22. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 22/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Adaptive Pushover – Basic Concept

23. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 23/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Progressive Change in Modal Shapes

24. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 24/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. T=10.6 sec T=8.44 sec T=11.24 sec T=8.96 sec T=8.96 sec T=8.86 sec Instantaneous inertia profiles when story maxima take place

25. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 25/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Adaptive Modal Combination (AMC) (Kalkan & Kunnath, 2006) > Basic Elements of the Procedure Establishing Target Displacement: An energy-based procedure is used in conjunction with inelastic displacement spectra at a set of pre- determined ductility levels to progressively establish the target displacement as the modal pushover analysis proceeds. Dynamic Target Point: This concept is analogous to the performance point in CSM, however, it represents a more realistic representation of demand since inelastic spectra are used to target this demand point. Adaptive Modal Combination: The method recognizes the need to alter the applied lateral load patterns as the system characteristics change yet retain the simplicity of combining the response measures at the end of the analysis.

26. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 26/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Energy Based Incremental Modal Displacement > The basic limitation of current non-adaptive procedures is that elastic modal properties are used to compute the inelastic system parameters > This approach may necessitate several iterations for convergence of target displacement computed from inelastic dynamic analysis. > The roof displacement is approximated from the maximum deformation of an ESDF system. Such an approach is only meaningful for the first mode, while for higher modes, the roof displacement does not proportionally change with the other story deformations

27. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 27/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Energy-based ESDF system representation of nth-mode MDF system capacity curve MDF Level SDF Level

28. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 28/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Performance point evaluation using system ductility through a set of inelastic spectra Capacity Side Demand Side

29. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 29/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Dynamic target point evaluation in the AMC procedure

30. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 30/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Validation Studies > Several regular and irregular building frames of varying height were developed used for validation studies. > Different suite of records were compiled from near-fault forward directivity, near-fault fling and far-fault recordings. > Each building model was also subjected to a series of ground motions to generate benchmark results. > Engineering demand parameters considered are roof drift ratio, inter-story drift ratio in global level and member plastic rotations and story ductility in local level for cross comparisons.

31. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 31/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. > The structural system is essentially symmetrical. > Moment continuity of each of the perimeter frames is interrupted at the ends where a simple shear connection is used to connect to the weak column axis. Moment resisting connection Simple hinge connection Structural Details of 6-story Building

32. Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Earthquake Structural Details of 13-story Building > The exterior frames of the building are the moment resisting frames and interior frames are for load bearing. > The foundation consists of piles, pile caps and grade beams. > The corner columns of outer frames are composed of box sections. Moment resisting connection Simple hinge connection

33. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 33/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Analytical Modeling in OpenSEES (Open source Finite Element Software)  One half of the total building mass was applied to the frame distributed proportionally to the floor nodes.  The simulation of special features such as local connection fracture did not accounted for; consequently, the modeling of the members and connections was based on the assumption of stable hysteresis derived from a bilinear stress-strain model.  The columns were assumed to be fixed at the base level (No SSI).  Centerline dimensions were used in the element modeling.  A force-based nonlinear beam-column element that utilizes a layered ‘fiber’ section is utilized to model all components

34. Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 34/55 Recorded Earthquake Data from 6-Story Building The building performed well in all these earthquakes with no visible signs of damage. Recorded data indicates an essentially elastic response in each case.

35. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 35/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Recorded Earthquake Data from 13-Story Building Approximately 12% of the connections on the west perimeter of the North-South frame fractured during the Northridge earthquake.

36. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 36/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng.

37. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 37/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng.

38. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 38/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Prediction of Column Plastic Rotations (Local Demands)

39. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 39/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Summary & Conclusions > Developed AMC offers a direct multi-mode technique to estimate seismic demands and integrates concepts incorporated in: Capacity spectrum method recommended in 3 ATC-40 (1996) Direct adaptive method originally proposed by Gupta and Kunnath (2000) Modal pushover analysis advocated by Chopra and Goel (2002) > AMC procedure accounts for higher mode effects by combining the response of individual modal pushover analyses and incorporates the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response via its adaptive feature

40. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 40/53 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Summary (cont.) > A novel feature of the procedure is that the target displacement is estimated and updated dynamically during the analysis by incorporating energy based modal capacity curves in conjunction with constant-ductility capacity spectra. > AMC method has shown promise in predicting inelastic displacement demands for a range of regular and irregular buildings. > Validation studies under 3D models (including torsion) are currently underway.

41. Dr. E. Kalkan Slide: 41/55 Adaptive Nonlinear Analysis as Applied to Performance based Eq. Eng. Thank You