1. How is wind connected to all life on earth?

2. Why is one area of the earth’s land surface a desert, and other a grassland, and another a forest? Why do different types of deserts, grasslands and forest exist?

3. Ch. 7 & 8 Weather, Climate and Biomes

4. Key Concepts  Factors influencing weather and climate  Effect of climate on distribution of biomes  Characteristics of major biome types  Saltwater and freshwater life zones  Human impacts on biosphere

5. Weather and Climate  What is weather?  How meteorologists predict weather  What is climate? temp, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind dir. Radar, satellites, aircraft, stationary sensors, feed into computers General pattern of atmospheric conditions over a long period

6. Climatograms http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/1020/images/des_grass.gif Rainfall = bars Temperature = line So all graphs have the same scale: Rainfall (Left Y axis) 3 squares = 4 cm rainfall Temperature (R Y axis) 3 squares = 8 degrees temp. X axis Each month = 2 squares

7. Interactive Climate Map

8. Weather –The short-term day-to- day changes in temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover and wind direction and speed. –Most weather is predicted using: weather balloons, aircraft, radar, and satellites

9. Weather Changes –Air Masses: large lump of air that similar temperature and moisture level throughout. –Air Masses that effect the US are

10. When air masses meet it causes changes in weather Cold front: when a cold air mass collides with a stationary warm air mass. The result is: thunderstorms, short bursts of heavy rain

11. Warm Front: when a warm air mass collides with a stationary cold air mass. The result is: warm steady rain

12. Weather is also affected by changes in atmospheric pressure High pressure has descending air that moves outward from the center of the high-pressure system. Descending air is warm and dry. The result is: nice dry weather

13. Low pressure has ascending air that flows towards the center of the low- pressure area. Ascending air- cools and condenses as it rises. The result is: clouds, rain

14. Weather Extremes –Hurricanes: What is it? Tropical storm with winds greater than 75 mph The bad: loss of life and property The good: flushes out coastline

15. Tornadoes: Form when cold dry air collides with warm moist air, which causes the warm air to rise quickly making a funnel cloud

16. Risk of Tornadoes Highest High Medium Low Hurricane Frequency High Moderately high Gulf of Alaska Prince Williams Sound CANADA UNITED STATES Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean MEXICO Fig. 6.2, p. 122

17. Climate the average weather patterns for an area over a long period of time (30 - 1,000,000 years). is It is determined by Average Precipitation Average Temperatureand which are influenced by latitudealtitudeocean currents and affects where people livehow people live what they grow and eat Fig. 6.3, p. 123

18. Interactive Climate Map

19. Connect these two together!

20. Earth: Just-right, Resilient Planet DO NOT POST TO INTERNET Fig. 5-1, p. 92  Temperature 0-100  Liquid water  Orbit-right distance  Rotation/Tilt  Size and gravity  Ozone layer-bacteria

21. Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer Fig. 6.16, p. 131

22. Polar Subpolar Temperate Tropical Desert Deciduous forest Deciduous forest Coniferous forest Chaparral Grassland Savanna Scrubland Tropical seasonal forest Tropical seasonal forest Rain forest Tundra Fig. 6.17, p. 132

23. Fig. 6.6b, p. 125 Initial pattern of air circulation Deflections in the paths of air flow near the earth’s surface 30°S Easterlies Westerlies Southeast tradewinds (Doldrums) Northeast tradewinds Westerlies (from the west) Easterlies (from the east) 60°S equator 30°N 60°N

24. Fig. 6-5, p. 109 Global Air Circulation And Biomes

25. Global Air currents affect regional climates Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface causes the equator to receive more sunlight making it hotter; the poles receive less light making them cooler. This causes: global circulation

26. Climate type Cold Cool Temperate Warm Temperate Tropical (equator) Tropical Warm Temperate Cool Temperate Cold Fig. 6.6a, p. 125

27. Fall (sun aims directly at equator) Summer (northern hemisphere tilts toward sun) Spring (sun aims directly at equator) 23.5 ° Winter (northern hemisphere tilts away from sun) Solar radiation Fig. 6.5, p. 124

28. Seasons Seasonal changes in temp and precipitation affect climate because the earth is tilted on its axis. It is colder in the winter and warmer in the summer because:

29. Coriolis Effect Rotation of the Earth on its axis prevents air currents from moving directly north or south causing the winds to curve in what is called:

30. Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Warm temperate Dry Tropical Highland Major upwelling zones Warm ocean current Cold ocean current River Fig. 6.4, p. 124

31. Ocean Currents Long term variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation Heat from the sun evaporates water and transfers energy from the ocean to the atmosphere. This creates convection cells that transport heat to different latitudes. This leads to: ocean currents and weather

32. Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Warm temperate Dry Tropical Highland Major upwelling zones Warm ocean current Cold ocean current River Fig. 6.4, p. 124

33. –Ocean Currents Affect climate Differences in water temp, winds and the rotation of the earth create currents. Currents redistribute heat. For example the gulf stream brings heat to Europe

34. Wind Movement of surface water Diving birds Nutrients Upwelling Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton Fig. 6.9, p. 126

35. Upwelling is created when the trade winds blow offshore pushing surface water away from land. The outgoing surface water is replaced by nutrient bottom water. Upwelling support:

36. The El Nino Southern Oscillation occurs every few years in the Pacific Ocean –In an ENSO, prevailing westerly winds weaken or stop –Surface waters along the coast of North America and South America (west) become warmer –Normal upwelling stops –This reduces the population of some fish species –Also causes severe weather, storms in the US especially CA, and drought in southeast Asia

37. http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/ 2012/08/16/drought-update-no- improvement-here-but-el-nino- is-coming/

38. El Nino Video Clip - Bing Videos

39. El Niño-Southern Oscillation: ENSO Fig. 6-7, p. 110

42. La Nina La Ninas follow an El Nino and are characterized by cooling trends. La Nina brings more Atlantic hurricanes, colder winters in the north and warmer winters in the south, and an increase in tornadoes.

43. Greenhouse Effect Fig. 6-9, p. 111

44. Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared radiation (heat), which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this heat escapes into space and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as infrared radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. As concentrations of greenhouse gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. (a)(b)(c) Fig. 6.13, p. 128

45. Greenhouse Effect  Greenhouse Effect  Greenhouse gases  Human impact  Global warming  Impacts of global warming

46. Greenhouse Gasses Gasses that determine earth’s average temperatures Include: –Water vapor (primary greenhouse gas) –Carbon dioxide –Methane –Nitrous oxide –Synthetic chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, aerosol cans) –Synthetic perfluorocarbons (refrigerating units) –Synthetic trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (high voltage equipment)

47. Ozone Layer The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere. It is created when ultraviolet light turns oxygen into ozone. The chemical reactions is: –Ozone blocks all short wavelength UV-C radiation, 50% of the UV-B radiation and almost no long wavelength UV-A radiation. –Ozone also forms a thermal cap which: traps heat

48. Ozone Layer  Located in stratosphere  UV protection  Decline in ozone  Consequences of ozone decline

53. Microclimates Fig. 6-10, p. 112  Rain shadow effect a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range Moist habitats Dry habitats  Cities  Land-ocean interactions

54. Topography of the earth also creates microclimates A microclimate is small area that has a different climate than the general climate of an area. –Vegetation in an area influences climate: forests stay warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer because of the trees – Cities create heat islands that trap heat and decrease wind speeds

55. Cool air descends Land warmer than sea; breeze flows onshore Warm air ascends Fig. 6.15a, p. 130 Water also changes climate by causing land breezes and sea breezes

56. Warm air ascends Land cooler than sea; breeze flows offshore Cool air descends Fig. 6.15b, p. 130

57. Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer Fig. 6.16, p. 131

58. Alpine Tundra Montane Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest Northern Coniferous Forest Arctic Tundra LowHighMoisture Availability High Low Elevation Fig. 6.18, p. 133

59. Plant and animal adaptations to climate –For plants precipitation is generally the limiting factor in determining whether a climate is a desert, forest or grassland, but biomes are not uniform. They have the same general characteristics but there are microclimates that determine the actual plants you will find in any given area.

60. Plants exposed to cold year around or in the winter have: Traits that keep them from losing too much heat or water They stay small

61. Desert plants must be able to lose heat and conserve water. They do this by: Lose heat and store water Fleshy tissue, vertical, no leaves, store water

62. In wet tropical climates the plants have Broadleaf evergreen, maximize sunlight

63. In climates that are hot in summer and cold in winter, plants have: Deciduous leaves that fall off in winter

64. In areas with cool short summers, the trees have: Coniferous evergreen Needle shaped leaves