1. Political Economy of Terrorism and War1

2. Start from the present Taliban Attacks in Pakistan (NY Times)
Class Dismissed (NY Times) 2

3. Main questions Where did this Taliban come from?
What was the role of domestic politics?
Religious ideology, education, poverty?
Role of imperialism and occupations?

4. From Eqbal Ahmad
“In 1985, President Ronald Reagan received a group of bearded men. These bearded men I was writing about in those days in The New Yorker, actually did. They were very ferocious-looking bearded men with turbans looking like they came from another century. President Reagan received them in the White House. After receiving them he spoke to the press. He pointed towards them, I’m sure some of you will recall that moment, and said, “These are the moral equivalent of America’s founding fathers”. These were the Afghan Mujahiddin. They were at the time, guns in hand, battling the Evil Empire. They were the moral equivalent of our founding fathers!”

5. Focus on Pakistan

6. The Map: Territory & Community6

7. Kashmir: What is at issue?
Self-determination and independence
Secularism versus religion as a basis for states
Territory
Dislocation and loss of lives
Identity 7 7

8. Some basics… Independence on August 14, 1947
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan
4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP
3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan
National language is Urdu - but most people speak Punjabi (60-70%) 8

9. Pakistan (3)
Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc., also created insecurity
This led in turn to a strengthening of the military
Resource scarcity
Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan
By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity to extend Cold War politics 9 9

10. Sources of Power: Pakistan
Military
Bureaucracy
Landowning Classes
Prime Minister and Party in government
President
Religion & Religious Leaders
External relations (in particular, with the US) 10 10

11. Locus of power
President
Undemocratic constitutions (especially since Zia), with unprecedented concentration of powers in the President
Military
Weakness of the political system; Perceived threat of external aggression
Bureaucracy
History & state formation;
Elitism of the Muslim League;
Concentration of power in the head;
Cultural bias against politicians;
Religion
Perhaps the most complex locus of power
The US
The US’s own interests
- oil
- anti-communism 11

12. Regimes Sources of legitimacy M.A. Jinnah (1947-8)
Creator of independent Pakistan
Ayub Khan ( )
Developmentalism
Yahya Khan ( )
Democratization
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( )
Democracy/populism
Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif
‘Democratic regime’ (?)
Pervez Musharraf ( )
War on Terror
Present
Democracy (?) 12 12

13. Constitution
3 constitutions since independence (1956, 1962, 1973) each reiterating the importance of Islam
The last iteration (1973) of the constitution came after the cessation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971 13

14. Role of Religion in the State
The various degrees of state secularity/religiousity of different governments demonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, to articulate the role of Islam in the state
Zia-ul-Haq’s government ( ) came closest to implementing Shariah law through its ‘Islamization programs’, but no federal government has fully implemented Shariah Law
Shariah Law has existed, however, in certain territories 14

15. Women in Pakistan
Zia-ul-Haq’s ‘Islamization’ policies had detrimental effects for women especially through a set of law called the Hudood Ordinances
A vocal and vociferous women’s movement emerged during Zia’s rule
Women’s movement in Pakistan struggling to articulate a balance between Islam and secularism 15

16. Political Economy of Defence
Ayesha Jalal (1995) has argued that Pakistan’s overdeveloped military has had determinative effects on Pakistan’s political economy
She argues that there is a key difference between the political economies of India and Pakistan:
India has a ‘political economy of development’
Pakistan has a ‘political economy of defence’ 16

17. Political Economy of Defence
First decade after independence, Pakistani military and civil administration took up 3/4 of the federal budget
Military governments
Ayub Khan (1958)
Zia-ul Haq (1977)
Pervez Musharraf (1999) 17

18. Political Economy of Defence
Class aspect of military is tied to the extent to which the military has been able to infiltrate key economic structures/entities
Military presence can be felt in: housing developments, agriculture, transportation, oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools
Greater upward mobility for military personnel and their families because of access to better social services (schools, hospitals) 18

19. Political Economy of Defence
“Dominance of non-elected institutions in Pakistan…points to a disjunction between state power and class power” (Jalal, 144)
Support of landowning families alongside failure to bring about effective land reforms
Mutually constitutive relationship between dominant social classes and military i.e. members of military entereing dominant social classes, and dominant social classes being protected by military 19

20. Political Economy of Defence
Why military overdevelopment?
Pakistan: On a Razor’s Edge 20

21. Opposition to military
The military has been met with opposition from other political parties
But many of the same parties have often worked in tandem with the military to secure their power
The times where political parties have emerged in opposition to the military is connected to the degree of economic marginalization in the country

22. Opposition to military
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People’s Party) took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in rural areas, including rural Punjab
“Roti, kapra, aur makaan” - bread, clothes, and shelter
( ) Glimmer of democracy
Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs)
Post-Zia - “constitutional coups”

23. Strategic Importance of Pakistan in International Relations
Pakistan’s neighbours - Afghanistan, Iran, India, China
Cold War
War on Terror
Not separate from overdevelopment of military 23

24. Human Development in Pakistan
PAK.html
Does this mean terrorism?
What does your book say?

25. “First, 9/11 joined together separate problems across the Middle
Schaeffer: (1)
“First, 9/11 joined together separate problems across the Middle
East: conflicts related to partition in India and Palestine and revolutions
and wars in the Gulf and Afghanistan. Before 9/11, these conflicts were
treated as distinct problems. Today, they are seen as inextricably linked”.

26. Schaeffer (2)
“in regional terms, 9/11 prompted U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. The Bush administration’s “war on terror” also led to the intensificationof already existing conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, and between Indians, Pakistanis, and Muslim insurgents in the Kashmir.

27. Schaeffer (3)
Third, in economic terms, 9/11 and the wars that followed contributed
to recession and, more recently, a new housing crisis. To appreciate the
immediate and possible long-term consequences of these developments,
we will examine each of them briefly.

28. How have these wars been fought?
“outsourcing war”