1. Middle Ages Why were the Middle Ages so dark?

2. Fall of Rome

3. Charlemagne crowned 800 CE

4. Charlemagne

5. Ag Rev 1050-1200 Heavy Plow 3 Field System crop rotation Use of iron and horses

6. William Conqueror 1066 Battle of Hastings

7. Seljuk Turks 1071 Muslim Turks begin the process of defeating Byzantine Empire

8. First Crusade 1096

9. Spain Reconquista

10. Magna Carta 1215 King John I Monarchs were not above the law – not tax arbitrarily Parliament established under Edward I - 1272

11. Mongols in Kiev

12. 100 Years War 1337

14. Feudalism

15. Social Economic Political

16. Ag Rev is a game changer!

17. Effects of Ag Rev Surplus means need a place to sell = Revival of cities/towns Growth of trade Bourgeoisie, Burgher, Burgess

18. Craft Guilds Associations of skilled craftsmen organized by trade Standardized prices Regulated training Modern labor unions

19. Merchant Guilds Regulated trade by Taxing non-members to discourage competition Participated actively in local government Functioned as social clubs

20. Role of Church Most powerful institution of in medieval western Europe Used excommunication to keep people in line Responsible for education

21. Black Death

22. Why so deadly? 1/3 of population Great famine – more susceptible Move to cities – overcrowded Cities lack modern sanitation Lack of medical knowledge to treat

23. Effects of Black Death P – Rents down – new taxes and laws restricting Peasants – Statute of Laborers 1351 R – Jews targeted, pop shift – killed off generation of workers I – YOLO vs more pious living - flagellants D – attempts to shut Europe off from spread of plague E - Rise in prices, workers could demand better wages, opportunities in towns and cities

24. Hundred Years War 1337-1453 England vs France England – victor until 1429 Joan of Arc

25. Effects of War Political instability English Parliament gains influence France remained divided – Burgundians Economic drain on both – taxation Nationalism develops from hating the opposition for 100 yrs Change in warfare New weapons – professional armies = breakdown feudalism

26. Challenges to RCC Avignon Papacy (1309 – 1376) Babylonian Captivity Great Schism (1378 – 1417) Council of Pisa 1409 Council of Constance 1414-1418 Conciliarists John Wyclif Jan Hus

27. Social Trends Peasant Revolts Jacquerie 1358 in France oppressive taxation English Peasants’ Revolt 1381 – wage freeze Ethnic tension Irish discriminated by English Vernacular Literature provides literacy and unifying force