1. ENGLAND
In 1066, William the Conqueror invades England defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings
Establishes strong central authority
System of taxation – the Doomsday Book
Bayeux tapestry

2. Henry II (1154-1189) Established Royal Courts Common Law:
Unified body of laws
Judges decisions form he base of law in various English speaking countries.

3. King John (1199-1216) Nobles revolt over growing power of the king
At Runnymeade in 1215 they force him to sign Magna Carta
Limit King’s power
Increase power of Nobles
No taxation without representation
Jury trial
Protection of Law

4. Edward I
In 1295 Edward invites 2 knights from every county and two residents from each town along with Great Council to consent to new taxes – First Parliament
House of Lords – nobles
House of Commons- knights and merchants
Policy is beginning to be determined not by the King alone

5. FRANCE 987 last Carolingian ruler dies
Hugh Capet establishes Capetian dynasty
Philip II ( ) greatly increased size of France by defeating England
Obtains Normandy and Aquitane
Philip IV
1302 took representative from the 3 classes and created the Estates-General
1st Estate – Clergy
2nd Estate – Nobles
3rd Estate - Townspeople

6. Holy Roman Empire
Otto I ( ) who intervened in Italian politics, helped the Pope, and was crowned Emperor
German kings now rule northern Italy and continually try to expand territory

7. Attempts to expand empire
Frederick I (1152 – 1190) attacks Italy an alliance of Northern Italian towns defeat him
Frederick II (1212 – 1250) also attempts to conquer Italy but is defeated.
Consequences – Germany is left in the hands of powerful lords during expeditions
These lords create own independent kingdoms
Keeps monarchy weak and king is only a figure-head
Germany stays unified until 19th Century

8. The Power of the Church increases
Pope Gregory VII (1073 to 1085) claims the Pope is the ruler of all Christendom, even the rulers
Pope eliminates Lay investiture
Henry IV king of Germany disobeys order and the Pope excommunicates him
If a king is excommunicated then all vassals were freed from duties to that king

10. Showdown at Canoosa January 1077 King Henry makes his way to Canossa.
Pope makes him wait outside in snow for 3 days
Henry is allowed in and forgiven
Concordat of Worms – 1122 – compromise made between the emperor and church
Church alone elect bishops, but emperor has veto power