1. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 1 Expression of Interest To Perform a High-Statistics Neutrino Scattering Experiment using a Fine-grained Detector in the NuMI Beam Argonne - Athens - California/Irvine - Colorado - Duke - Fermilab - Hampton - I I T - James Madison - Jefferson Lab - M I T - Minnesota - Pittsburgh - Rutgers - South Carolina - Tufts 16 Groups: Red = HEP, Blue = NP Jorge G. Morfín - Fermilab For the Collaboration

2. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 2 38 Collaborators (so far…) J.Arrington, D.H.Potterveld, P.E.Reimer, T.Joffe-Minor Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois C.Andreopoulos, G.Mavromanolakis, P.Stamoulis, N.Saoulidou, G.Tzanakos, M.Zois University of Athens, Athens, Greece D.Casper University of California, Irvine, California E.R.Kinney University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado D.Dutta Duke University, Durham, North Carolina D.Harris, M. Kostin, J.G.Morfin, P.Shanahan Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois M.E.Christy Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia N.Solomey Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois I.Niculescu James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia R.Ent, D.Gaskell, C.E.Keppel. W.Melnitchouk, S.Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia A.Bruell Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts M.DuVernois University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota S.Boyd, D.Naples University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania R.Gilman, C.Glasshausser, R.Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey T.Bergfeld, A.Godley, S.R.Mishra, C.Rosenfeld University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina H.Gallagher, W.A.Mann Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts

3. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 3 MINOS: Low-Energy Beam NuMI Off-axis Beam Motivation: Current/Future Oscillation Experiments use a Few GeV on a C, O 2 or Fe Nucleus We need to understand low energy -Nucleus interactions! A. Para and K. McFarland presentations

4. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 4 Motivation: Exclusive Cross-sections at Low Energies (elastic): DISMAL  World sample statistics is still fairly miserable!  Cross-section important for understanding low-energy atmospheric neutrino oscillation results.  Needed for all low energy neutrino monte carlos.  Added Bonus: Garvey et al showed that +p +p at Q 2 = 0 sensitive to contribution of the s-quark to the spin of the proton.

5. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 5 Motivation: Exclusive Cross-sections at Low Energies (1-Pion and Strange Particle): DISMAL n  – p  0 n  – n  + p  – p  + World’s sample of NC 1-   ANL t p  n  + (7 events) t n  n  0 (7 events)  Gargamelle t p  p  0 (178 evts) t n  n  0 (139 evts)  K2K t Starting a careful analysis of single  0 production. Strange Particle Production  Gargamelle-PS - 15  events.  ZGS bubble chamber 7 events and 1 NC strange particle event: CC

6. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 6 Motivation: Knowledge of Nuclear Effects with Neutrinos: NON-EXISTENT  F 2 / nucleon within a nucleus changes as a function of A.  Nuclear effects measured (with high statistics) in  -A not in   Good reason to consider nuclear effects DIFFERENT in  -A. Presence of axial- vector current. SPECULATION: Much stronger shadowing for  -A but somewhat weaker “EMC” effect; different nuclear effects for valance and sea --> stronger shadowing for xF 3 compared to F 2 ; different nuclear effects for d and u quarks.  COULD NUCLEAR EFFECTS EXPLAIN SOME/ALL OF THE RECENT NuTeV SIN 2  W RESULT? Shadowing Anti-shadowing “EMC” effect Fermi motion

7. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 7 A Specific Look at Scattering Nuclear Effects: Shadowing Q 2 = 15 GeV 2 S.A.Kulagin has calculated shadowing for F 2 and xF 3 in -A interactions based on a non-perturbative parton model. Shadowing in the low Q 2 (A/VMD dominance) region is much stronger than at higher Q 2.  -Ca/  -D

8. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 8 Motivation: Detailed comparison of -A with Jefferson Lab Results on e-A  Particular interest in the high -x Bj region where there seems to be a discrepancy between global fits and data.  Study of structure functions off various nuclear targets, again at high- x Bj, allows comparison with nuclear structure models where sensitivity is the greatest.  Close examination of the non-PQCD and pQCD transition region, in context of quark-hadron duality, with axial-vector probe.  CTEQ working group in association with C. Keppel (Jlab) formed to investigate high -x Bj region.

9. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 9 Neutrino Event Energy Distributions and Statistics in the NuMI Near Hall  Reasonably expect 2.5 x 10 20 pot per year of NuMI running.  le-configuration: Events- (E  >0.35 GeV) E peak = 3.0 GeV, = 10.2 GeV, rate = 200 K events/ton - year.  me-configuration: Events- E peak = 7.0 GeV, = 8.5 GeV, rate = 675 K events/ton - year s-me rate = 540 K events/ton - year.  he-configuration: Events- E peak = 12.0 GeV, = 13.5 GeV, rate = 1575 K events/ton - year s-he rate = 1210 K events/ton - year. With E-907 at Fermilab to measure particle spectra from the NuMI target, expect to know neutrino flux to ≈ ± 3%.

10. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 10 MINOS Parasitic Running: Statistics & Topologies  MINOS oscillation experiment uses mainly le beam with shorter s-me and s-he runs for control and minimization of systematics.  An example of a running cycle would be: t 12 months le beam t 3 months s-me beam t 1 month s-he beam  Consider 2 such cycles (3 year run) with 2.5x10 20 protons/year: 860 K events/ton. = 10.5 GeV t DIS (W > 2 GeV, Q 2 > 1.0 GeV 2 ): 0.36 M events / ton t Quasi elastic: 0.14 M events / ton. t Resonance + “Transition”: 0.36 M events / ton »1  production: 0..15 M events / ton.

11. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 11 MINOS Parasitic Running: x, Q 2 and W 2 Events / ton elastic + resonance

12. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 12 A Phased (Installation) High-resolution Detector: Basic Conceptual Design  2m x 2 cm x 2cm scintillator (CH) strips with fiber readout. ( int = 80 cm, X 0 = 44 cm)  Fiducial volume: (r =.8m L = 1.5 m): 3.1 tons R = 1.5 m - p:  =.45 GeV,  = 51, K =.86, P = 1.2 R =.75 m - p:  =.29 GeV,  = 32, K =.62, P =.93  Also 2 cm thick planes of C, Fe and Pb. t 11 planes C = 1.0 ton (+Scintillator) t 3 planes Fe = 1.0 ton (+MINOS) t 2 planes Pb = 1.0 ton  Readout: Current concept is VLPC.  Use MINOS near detector as forward  identifier / spectrometer.  Considering the use of side  -ID detectors for low-energy  identification.

13. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 13 MINOS Near Detector in the NuMI Near Hall Center of the NuMI Neutrino Beam 2 m x 2m detector cross-section ≈ 100 m underground Length: 45m - Height: 9.6m - Width: 9.5m 25 m clear upstream of MINOS detector

14. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 14 Why plastic scintillator with fiber and VLPC? Scintillator/Fiber & VLPC R&D at Fermilab Scintillation detector work at Fermilab Scintillation Detector Development Laboratory Extruded scintillator Fiber characterization and test Thin-Film facility Fiber processing: Mirroring and coatings Photocathode work Diamond polishing Machine Development Diamond polishing Optical connector development High-density Photodetector packaging (VLPC) Triangles:1 cm base and transverse segmentation. Yields about 1 mm position resolution for mips From D0 pre-shower test data PolymerDopant Scintillator Cost < $ 5 / kg Continuing development of D0 VLPC readout with $750K grant. Produced D0-type arrays for detailed device analysis at low cost compared to D0 Goal: Demonstrate X10 cost reduction for VLPC.

15. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 15 Many Detector Questions Still Unanswered We have a detector with sufficient granularity to resolve 1, 2, 3… particle final states. How do we determine the mass and momentum of these particles?  Do we need the side-muon detectors? Without them, over 20% of MINOS parasitic events become CC/NC ambiguous, many of them at high-x.  Elastic events - We can measure stopping proton energy by range. What about the  ± /K ± /P ambiguity? Can we see the pion decay? How much does de/dx in the last few cms of track help resolve  /P ambiguity?. How much can we do without a magnetic field? If we need a B-field would the first 20 planes of MINOS do?  Pion production - can we resolve the  + /  - - ambiguity via observation of the  + /e + chain? Can we use the MINOS detector to resolve  + /  - - ambiguity? Can we measure the charge and momentum in MINOS? How well do we measure the 1  0 - state? Will a TOF system solve the particle ID problem?  DIS - how does the plastic perform as an hadronic calorimeter? What is the error (x%/sqrt(E)) on the hadronic energy?  And so on…...

16. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 16 After initial (MINOS) run - add a Liquid H 2 /D 2 (/O/Ar) Target H_2/D_2 MINOS Near Fid. vol: r = 80 cm. l = 150 cm. 350 K CC evts in LH 2 800 K CC evts in LD 2 per year he- running. Technically easy/inexpensive to build and operate. Meeting safety specifications the major effort. Planes of C, Fe, Pb For part of run

17. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 17 Detector: Event Rates; CC - E  > 0.35 GeV Event rates (2.5 x 10 20 protons per year) MINOS Off-axisPrime User Prime User Parasitic Parasitic (3 years) (1 year, me- ) (1 year, he- ) (2 year, he - ) CH2.60 M2.10 M4.80 M 2.70 M C0.85 M0.70 M1.60 M 0.90 M Fe0.85 M0.70 M1.60 M 0.90M Pb0.85 M0.70 M1.60 M 0.90 M LH 2 0.15 M 0.35 M 0.20 M LD 2 0.35 M 0.80 M 0.45 M

18. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 18 -Scattering Physics Topics with NuMI Beam Energies and Statistics Measure during initial MINOS exposure  Quasi-elastic neutrino scattering and associated form-factors.  Contribution of the strange quark to proton spin through elastic scattering.  Resonance production region.  Nuclear effects involving neutrinos, including NC/CC ratio. Need antineutrinos for (maximal) physics output  sin 2  W via the ratio of NC / CC ( as well as d  /dy from -e scattering) to check the recent surprising NuTeV result.  Very high-x parton distribution functions where F 2 ≈ xF 3.  Nuclear effects for valence and sea quarks.  Parton distribution functions (pdf) via all 6 structure functions.  Leading exponential contributions of pQCD.  Charm physics including the mass of the charm quark m c (improved accuracy by an order of magnitude, V cd, s(x) and, independently, s(x.).  Strange particle production for V us, flavor-changing neutral currents and measurements of hyperon polarization.

19. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 19 Physics Result: Exclusive States - Elastic -1  Cross- sections and Strange Particle Production (Contribution of s-quark to Spin of the Proton)  Measure absolute  el and  1  to ± 3% (Beam) ± Expt. Systematic: Minimal statistical errors.  Much cleaner measurement of  s (no large x --> 0 extrapolation & assume SU(3) symmetry)  We can significantly reduce systematic errors in  s by measuring the ratio: Measure R = +p +p / +n  p to ± 0.03 yields  s to ± 0.03 C. Horowitz and R. Tayloe - Indiana  In the 2-year run, this experiment would accumulate: 430 K  events in CH, 145 K  in C/Fe/Pb and 90 K  in D 2. Could also search for or measure  + p    +  + p  +  SCNC  + p    + K  + p  + p  + K +    + p   + K + pSCNC  + n    +    + n  +  SCNC   + n    + K  +  + n  +  SCNC  + p  + K + 

20. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 20 Physics Results: Nuclear Effects Ratio Fe/C: Statistical Errors From MINOS Parasitic Run x B j MINOSMINOS all DIS 0.0 -.011.8 % xxx.01 -.02 1.4 10 %.02 -.03 1.3 6.03 -.04 1.2 4.04 -.05 1.13.05 -.06 1.12.6.06 -.07 1.02.3 ( running only)

21. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 21 Physics Results: High-x Bj Parton Distribution Functions  The particular case of what is happening at high- x Bj is currently a bit of controversial with indications that current global results not correct:  Drell-Yan production results ( E-866) may indicate that high-x Bj (valence) quarks OVERESTIMATED.  A Jlab analysis of Jlab and SLAC high x DIS indicate high-x Bj quarks UNDERESTIMATED. ≈ Statistical Errors for 1 year of he- x Bj CHLH 2 LD 2.6 -.650.6%2.2%1.5%.65 -.70.72.61.7.7 -.751.03.72.5.75 -.81.353.8 -.85275.85 -.93117.9 - 1.041410 Measured / CTEQ6 CTEQ6 SLAC points Might be d/u ratio

22. Fermilab PAC - November 2002 22 Conclusions: NuMI Scattering Experiment  NuMI Beam is Intense and the ideal (perhaps only) place to do these measurements: t yielding ≈ 860 K events/ton during MINOS approved run* t yielding ≈ 1.6 M events/ton-year in the he-mode and 0.7 M events/ton-year in the me-mode.  NuMI Near Hall: t Plenty of space for new detector(s).  NuMI Near Hall Physics:  cross section measurements: elastic, 1-  … total. Associated form-factor and  s  nuclear effects of  different than e  Nuclear effects on valance- different than sea-quarks  NC / CC (sin 2  W )on various nuclear targets t PDFs, particularly high-x, both on nucleon and nuclear targets, t strange particle production t Study of the perturbative/non-perturbative transition (quark-hadron duality) with neutrinos.  NuMI  Scattering Detector studies underway, phased installation: t “solid scintillator” + planes of various A: 3 - 4 ton fiducial volume t Plenty of Questions still to be answered t liquid H 2 / D 2 (/O/Ar): large target technically no challenge  Real and growing interest from both the NP and HEP communities. We request your encouragement to proceed with expanding the collaboration and developing the detector.