1. WESTWARD EXPANSION & MANIFEST DESTINY Will a growing nation lead to greater Nationalism or increased Sectionalism?

2. What is Manifest Destiny?  Definition: belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.  Thought of as “God’s will”

3. Back under President Monroe…  John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) made national security & expansion top priorities  Remember the Monroe Doctrine!  Rush-Bagot Treaty : limited ships in Great Lakes  Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)  Spain gives Florida to the United States  Establishes new border between U.S. and Spanish Territory

4. As we expand…  As the United States continues to grow and new states / territories are added slavery will become a major issue & conflict  Why?  Balance of power Until 1818, the U.S. had been equally divided as 10 free states and 10 slave states Illinois admitted as free state in 1818

5. The Issue of Missouri  After Illinois becomes is admitted as free state, most expect Missouri to follow as a slave state  Original statehood bill proposed that Missouri be a slave state but must gradually free it’s slaves Passes the House, but fails Senate  What now?  Henry Clay and others work to resolve the issue  Reach a compromise

6. Missouri Compromise (1820)  Missouri admitted as slave state  Maine admitted as free state  Dividing line created for the rest of Louisiana Territory  36°30’ N Parallel line “Missouri Compromise Line”  States north of line = free  States south of line = slave Missouri is an exception

7. Major Trails  The settlers needed routes to travel  Many of these were formed along traditional Native American trade routes and trails  Oregon Trail  Made well-known after missionaries traveled all the way to Oregon  Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon  Santa Fe Trail  Stretched from Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico  780 miles  Much of the stretch was dangerous (Native American attacks, weather, drought, terrain)

8. Western Settlers  Even before government action created new territories & states, many Americans left their homes and headed west  Why might they want to settle the west?  Seemed adventurous!  New opportunities  Exploration  Avoid creditors or the law  Religious persecution

9. The Mormon Migration  Migrated along the Oregon Trail  First established in New York by Joseph Smith  Faced persecution in New York, Illinois, & Missouri  Smith eventually murdered by angry mobs  New leader Brigham Young  Moves followers out of U.S. territory and settle in Salt Lake City, Utah

10. Speaking of Oregon…  The Oregon Territory (not a state yet) was a point of conflict for U.S. and Britain  Britain also claimed parts of Maine and Minnesota in the 1840s Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) takes care of Maine and Minnesota Continued a “joint occupation” of Oregon  James Polk during 1844 election adopts slogan “Fifty- Four Forty or Fight!”  Wanted to annex all of Oregon  Nations eventually agree to new boundaries

11. Mission System  Before Mexican independence in 1821, Native Americans & settlers often encountered “Mexican” populations as a result of Spanish Missions  Missions were locations/churches set up by the Spanish crown in order to convert people to Catholicism  Missions decline after Mexico’s independence

12. Impact of Independence  After Mexican independence:  Many Native Americans forced in to labor or they fled  Trade opportunities between Mexico and United States Northern provinces (present day Arizona, New Mexico, California, Texas)  Mexico found that it was hard to control and protect such a large, spread out piece of land Native American attacks  Mexico invited U.S. settlers

13. Land Grants  Mexico’s government offered land grants (give them land!) to empesarios  Empesarios then would attract other American settlers to the land  American (Anglo) population soon outnumbered the tejano population  Tejano = Mexicans living in Texas

14. Stephen F. Austin  Stephen F. Austin would become one of the most well known empesarios  Offered land to over 300 families, each receiving 177 acres of farmland OR 4,000 acres of ranchland  Given this success, Presidents John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson both tried to purchase Texas  By 1936, Texas population was  3,500 Tejanos  12,000 Native Americans  45,000 Anglo Americans  5,000 African Americans  So what exactly “is” Texas now?

15. Calls for Independence  Austin had been advocating for greater self- government in Texas  Imprisoned on return home from Mexican capital by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  Several rebellions erupted  Santa Anna marches troops to San Antonio in an effort to force Texas back under Mexican control  In 1835, Texans attack Mexican troops at the Alamo

16. “Remember the Alamo”  In response to his forces being driven from the Alamo, Santa Anna attacks Americans at the Alamo and kills many  Sam Houston, an American “Texan,” leads the Texans in their eventual defeat of Mexico in the Battle of San Jacinto  Shouts of “Remember the Alamo”  September 1836, Sam Houston becomes president of Republic of Texas  Becomes a state in 1845

17. Polk Pushes War  President Polk comes to office in 1844  Believes that only way to settle continued tension with Mexico is through war  Annexation of Texas made tensions worse  Sectionalism meant different views of war  Abolitionists and many northerners opposed expansion and the war  Southerners favored expansion in order to expand slavery

18. War Begins  Mexican American War begins when General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops to the Rio Grande river  Mexico views as violation of their rights and sends troops across the river 9 Americans killed  Polk then uses this to convince Congress of the need for war  Who “started” it?

19. Not Just Texas!  Polk has plans to capture more than just Texas during this war  Kearny marches to New Mexico, falls without a single shot fired  Republic of California  Polk once again offers to buy California  Instead, group of American settlers led by John C. Fremont take control of town of Sonoma Declare independence from Mexico

20. California Gold Rush

21. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  Sets the Rio Grande as border between U.S. – Mexico Still today  U.S. agrees to pay $15 for land that will include Texas California Nevada New Mexico Utah Arizona Parts of Colorado and Wyoming

22. Gadsden Purchase (1853)  5 years later, United States “completes the set” and acquires remaining land of present-day Southwest  Gadsden Purchase  Establishes current borders