1. Foreign Policy in the Early 20 th Century

2. Once upon a time, in the early 19 th Century… Monroe Doctrine: –1832: James Monroe addresses Congress. –No more European colonies in the Western Hemisphere! –Get out Europe (especially Spain!) –Defines American foreign policy – we’re a “police force” to protect emerging nations in the Western Hemisphere. 1852: Polk implements the policy.

3. What’s Polk got to do with it? 1845: Declares no European colony could occupy the North American continent. 1845: Annex Texas – break relations with Mexico. Why? 1845: Polk negotiates to buy Mexico for $15 million.

4. Policing the Hemisphere Civil War – a distraction, to say the least. 1861: Spain reclaims the Dominican Republic, despite warnings by Seward. 1864: France installs Archduke Ferdidnan Maximillian on the Mexican throne. –Complies with Monroe Doctrine in 1867.

5. William Seward Secretary of State during Lincoln. Dreamed of an America that included: –Canada, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America as well as Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. –Why? Manifest Destiny, of course! Stymied by Congress in 1876 when trying to buy Danish islands in the Caribbean. 1876: Seward’s Ice Box. 1878: Samoa 1893: American planters usurp Hawaii.

6. What about Spain? 1898: The Spanish American War Okay, what does Cuba have to do with Spain? –Cubans struggle for independence from Spain since 1868. Okay, why does America want Cuba? –Cuba is a natural part of America? –Sugar, yummmmm!!!!

7. Cuba Revolts! 1895: Cuban rebels led by Jose Marti renews fight for independence, launching attack from American soil. Spanish troops force 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps. 1896: McKinley elected – won’t fight with Spain but makes Spain promise reform.

8. Remember the Maine! 1898: Explosion blows up the Maine. “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!” April 11, 1898: McKinley calls for Congress to use troops to bring about “compromise” between the two nations. –Why? Because only Congress can declare war! Congress: –Gives president authority to use troops to end Spanish control. –Declares the island independent. Spain declares war on April 24, 1898.

9. The Spanish-American War Cuba vs. the Philippines? 1.6 million vs. 8 million. May 1, 1898: George Dewey sails into Manila Bay and defeats Spanish. June 22, 1898: U.S. attacks Cuba. July 1, 1898: The charge up San Juan Hill. July 3, 1898: U.S. navy defeats Spanish in Santiago harbor. July 17, 1898: U.S. secures Cuba. August 12, 1898: Armistice.

10. Results of the Spanish-American War Armistice: –Meet in Paris. –Spain grants independence to Cuba. –Cedes Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines to U.S. –U.S. pays $20 million dollars. Aguinaldo and revolt. National glory and war heroes. Great Power? Interventionist!