1. Chapter 8: Rise of Islam

2. Warm Up Ch 6 and 7 Chapter 6 Suttee: Importance of Ganges River:
Mauryan king spread Buddhism throughout his empire
Chapter 7
an overland route linking China and the Med Sea
Empire arises in Iran and Mesopotamia
Sasanid religion:
Military technologies in Silk Road:
Role of Women in trading sea ports:

3. I. Origins of Islam
A. The Arabian Pen before Muhammad
Caravans linked cities and gave rise to merchants
Trade brought Arabs into contact with Byzantine and Sasanid Empires
Nomadic Arabians were polytheistic worshipping natural forces and celestial bodies, were familiar with other religions
Mecca: caravan city located between Yemen and Syria, became the center for the Islamic faith
Ka’ba is the center of city of Mecca, temple for Islamic Worship

8. B. Muhammad in Mecca
Muhammad was an orphan who involved himself in caravan trade
Muhammad was born in Mecca and had a successful career as a merchant
While traveling on business, Muhammad met followers of Judaism and Christianity
These faiths influenced his thinking
610 he was given a revelation from Allah
Message from Allah: Muhammad believed Allah was the one god and all should submit to him, those who submit go to paradise, those who do not go to hell
Text of the Islam: Koran, Qur’an

16. The Five Pillars of Islam
Belief – profession of faith
“There is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is the messenger of God”
Also makes clear that Muhammad is a prophet, not a deity
Prayer – perform five daily prayers, always facing Mecca
Giving of alms or charity
Fasting = going without food or drink
Muslims believe that fasting is a way to show that God is more important than one’s own body
Pilgrimage, called the hajj, to Mecca
Mosque = building in which Muslims worship

17. C. The Formation of the Umma
Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in 622
Umma: followers and coverts from Medina formed a single community of believers
Caliph: leader of the umma
Caliphate: government established in Islam
Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s father in law and took leadership of the umma
Muhammad Ali believed he was to be the leader of the umma
Civil War breaks out and Ali is killed
Shi’ites support Ali
Sunni support Abu Bakr

18. Muhammad at the Kaaba

19. Abu Bakr

20. Ali

22. II. Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258
A. Islamic Conquest,
Arabs took Syria, Egypt, and Sasanid Empire, Tunisia, Spain, Algeria, Morocco
Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates,
Umayyads were an Arab empire not Muslim, kept power in Spain
Umayyads fall in Persia and the Abbas took over and ruled until 1258
Baghdad became center of Abbasid culture

23. C. Political Fragmentation, 850-1050
Abbasid empire falls because of communication and transportation issues
Turkish slave troops called Mamluks were not paid properly and took control of the caliphate and dominated the government
D. Assault from Within and Without,
Tension in Spain would eventually lead to the Crusades

24. Mamluks

26. III. Islamic Civilization
A. Converts and Cities
People converting to Islam wanted to learn more so they moved to the cities
Urban centers begin to thrive and increase trade
B. Islam, Women, and Slaves
Muslim women: were veiled and secluded, right to inherit property, right to divorce, remarry, testify, appear in court
Muslims were not permitted to enslave Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians
Only POWs were allowed to be slaves

27. C. Recentering of Islam
Caliphates begin to decline and new authorities develop: madrasas and the Sufi
Madrasas: Religious colleges
Sufi: mystic fraternities whose members sought union with Allah through rituals and trainings
Spiritual guidance and rules for everyday life