1. The Ocean Floor
Chapter 13 Section 2

2. Studying the Ocean Floor
Sonar- used on ocean surface
Satellite- Seasat and Geosat- used in space
Scientists use submersibles and robots to study the ocean floor.

3. Sonar Sound Navigation and Ranging
Scientists send sound waves to the bottom of the ocean by ship.
The sound waves bounce off the ocean floor and return to the ship.
The deeper the ocean , the longer it takes for the sound waves to return.

4. SONAR-FYI Measuring Water Depth
Today's oceanographers use sonar instruments to generate a sound signal that is bounced or "echoed" off the sea floor and then recorded on board the ship. The speed of sound in water is 1,500 m per second, four times faster than the speed of sound in air. By carefully measuring the round-trip time of the sound waves and taking into account the variables of temperature and salinity, the depth of the water and the distance to another object can be measured accurately.

5. OIL SPILL

7. Submersibles and Robots
Alvin, the world's first deep-sea submersible
Three-person, self-propelling capsule-like submarine nearly eight meters long.
Alvin has an operational maximum depth of about 4,000 meters.

9. The Ocean Floor Continental shelf Continental slope Continental rise
Abyssal Plain
Mid-ocean ridge
Rift valley
Ocean trench
Seamounts
You do not have to write all of these, just make sure they are your headings.

10. 2 Regions of the Ocean Floor
Deep Ocean Basin
Made up of:
Abyssal Plain
Mid-ocean ridge
Rift valley
Ocean trench
Seamounts
Continental Margin
Made up of:
Continental shelf
Continental slope
Continental rise

11. Continental shelf A Continental slope B Continental rise C
Abyssal Plain E
Mid-ocean ridge F
Rift valley F
Ocean trench H
Seamounts D/G A B A C F G E D H

12. Continental Margin Made up of: Continental shelf Continental slope
Continental rise

14. Continental Shelf Begins at the shoreline
Continues until the ocean floor starts to slope
Depth can reach about 200 meters

15. Continental Slope Begins at edge of continental shelf
Continues down to the flat part of the ocean floor
Ranges between 200 meters to about 4000 meters

16. Continental Rise Base of continental slope
Made of large piles of sediment

17. Deep Ocean Basin Made up of: Abyssal plain Mid-ocean ridge
Rift valleys
Seamounts
Ocean trenches

18. Abyssal Plain Large, flat area of the ocean floor
Covered in mud and remains of tiny marine organisms
Average depth 4000 meters/13,000 ft avg
Abyssal Plain

20. Mid-Ocean Ridge Underwater mountain ranges
Form where tectonic plates pull apart
Rising magma between the plates creates the ridge

21. Mid-Ocean Ridge

22. Rift Valley Zone between the plates
In the rift valley, which can be 15 to 30 miles (24 to 48 kilometers) wide, new oceanic crust is being made, which means lots of seismic activity is happening.
Hydrothermal vents were discovered in rift valleys.

23. Rift Valley

25. Ocean Trench Huge cracks on ocean floor
Created by oceanic plate pushing beneath continental plate or another oceanic plate
Deep-sea trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean.
The deepest one, the Marianas Trench in the South Pacific Ocean, is more than 35,000 feet (10,668 meters), or almost 6.6 miles (10.6 kilometers) deep.
A Navy-owned submarine, the Trieste, still holds the record for diving to the bottom of the deepest part of the Marianas Trench, the Challenger Deep, on January 23,1960.

27. Bioluminescence
Scientists estimate that 90 percent of deep-sea species are bioluminescent .
Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by living organisms.

28. Seamounts Mountains of volcanic material
Formed when magma pushes it way through or between tectonic plates
If seamounts build up they can become volcanic islands; Example: Hawaiian Islands
Seamounts are usually 25 miles (40 kilometers) in diameter and can be 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3000 to 4500 meters) tall.

29. Seamounts
Less than 0.1 percent of the world's seamounts have been explored to learn what species live on them, but many of the species that have been found so far are new to science.
It has been estimated that more than 30,000 seamounts reaching more than 1,000 meters tall are found in the Pacific Ocean. Approximately 800 are in the Atlantic Ocean, and an unknown number exist in the Indian Ocean.
They usually have volcanic origins.

31. Quiz The Hawaiian Islands form from what type of ocean feature?
Where is pressure the greatest or the most intense?
What does SONAR stand for?
How does SONAR work?
Underwater mountain range?
Underwater volcano?
Feature of the ocean that is at the edge of a continent?
Production of visible light by an organism?
Besides organisms in the ocean, what other organism can you think of that produces visible light?
The flat part of the ocean floor?
What makes up the continental margin?
What makes up the deep ocean basin?
Where do tectonic plates pull apart or move away from each other?
Deepest part of the ocean?
Where is the continental shelf?
Where is the continental slope?
Where is the continental rise located?
What would you find at the continental rise?
What covers the abyssal plain?

32. Answers 1. seamount 2. at the bottom of the ocean
3. Sound navigation and ranging- scientists send sound waves to the ocean floor and measure the time it takes for the sound waves to return
4. mid-ocean ridge
5. seamount
6. Continental shelf
7. Bioluminescence
8. fireflies/lightning bugs
9. abyssal plain
10. continental shelf, continental slope and continental rise
11.abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, rift valley, Ocean trench and seamount
12. Mid-ocean ridge
13. Ocean trench

33. The Ocean Floor
The continents lie on the continental plates. The edges of these plates are under water, and they form the continental shelves. These shelves slope outward very gently towards the ocean depths. In some places these shelves go out a long way, up to 900 miles: In other places the shelves are much narrower. These shelves are fairly smooth because debris from the land is falling onto them from the water. This debris contains nutrients washed down from the land, and these nutrients, plus the shallow water, contribute to the abundance of life forms near the continents.
     Where the continental shelves end, there is a steep drop downwards. This is called the continental slope. It plunges down into the dark, cold waters of the ocean. At the bottom of the continental slope there is a an area that slopes gradually downward to blend into the abyssal plain. This is the bottom of the ocean as we think of it.
     The ocean floor seems like a different world. There is no sun light down here. The water is very cold. The pressure of the weight of miles of water above this area would easily crush a submarine. Tiny flecks of material from the sunlit world float downward and eventually settle on the bottom. There is almost nothing to eat, and the animals that live here are few and far between. There are many different kinds of animals, but they are small and widely scattered. They are able to survive on very little.
     However, it is not all silence and darkness here. The earth's crust is thinnest in the ocean basins, and volcanic eruptions are part of this environment.  Here and there isolated peaks called sea mounts rise above the flat abyssal plain. However, the most active part of deep ocean geology occurs in the deep sea trenches, where the ocean floor is spreading apart. Lava comes up through the fissures, building up mountains and deep sea vents, called smokers. The constantly up-welling lava pushes the sea floor away from the trenches and out towards the continents. When the sea floor reaches the continental plates, it subducts, or slides underneath them, carrying the cold rocky floor back into the hot mantle of the earth.