1. Introduction to Psychology Methods: Experiments Prof. Jan Lauwereyns jan@sls.kyushu-u.ac.jp jan@sls.kyushu-u.ac.jp

2. http://www.sls.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~dubito/links Look under “Classes” Check “Psychology”

3. Reaction Time GREEN XXXXX

5. Staged

6. -Deliberation time: how long do you get to look at the photos 2s, 5s or Free -Similarity: how similar are the photos Sim (similar) or Dis (dissimilar)

7. -Deliberation time: how long do you get to look at the photos 2s, 5s or Free -Similarity: how similar are the photos Sim (similar) or Dis (dissimilar)

8. -Deliberation time: how long do you get to look at the photos 2s, 5s or Free -Similarity: how similar are the photos Sim (similar) or Dis (dissimilar)

9. -Deliberation time: how long do you get to look at the photos 2s, 5s or Free -Similarity: how similar are the photos Sim (similar) or Dis (dissimilar)

10. Frequency distribution of types of responses

11. Experimental & Nonexperimental Experimental: –Direct manipulation and control of variables –Manipulate variable of interest & record results Nonexperimental: –Observations of phenomena as they occur naturally

12. Choosing a Method Ethical and practical considerations Artificiality of experiments – Field experiments ? Participant variables Description of behavior Successful predictions of future behavior Advantages of multiple methods

13. Evaluating a method Construct validity – Does the operational definition reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable? Internal validity – Can you draw strong conclusions about causal relationships from the data? External validity – To what extent can results be generalized?

14. Experimental method Experimental control –Keep all factors under control ( … ) - Avoid that results are influenced by extraneous variables ( confound ) Randomization – Hope that your systematic measurements are not affected by other, randomized variables

15. Experimental Methods Independent variable Independent variable (IV)  variable manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable Dependent variable (DV)  variable measured by the experimenter

19. Measuring activity level of blood flow in fMRI scan Female

20. Measuring activity level of blood flow in fMRI scan Female Male

21. Measuring activity level of blood flow in fMRI scan Female Male Left brain Right brain

22. Generalization as a statistical interaction Say, a study was done with only males You question the generalizability …that is, suggesting an interaction

23. Empathy as measured in brain activity level Fair player Unfair player women

24. Empathy as measured in brain activity level Fair player Unfair player women men No interaction

25. Empathy as measured in brain activity level Fair player Unfair player women men Interaction

26. Empathy as measured in brain activity level Fair player Unfair player women men Interaction

28. Mean rating (high = have honoured well) Maori have honoured… Pakeha have honoured… How well have people honoured the Treaty of Waitangi? Pakeha think…

29. Mean rating (high = have honoured well) Maori have honoured… Pakeha have honoured… Maori think… Pakeha think… How well have people honoured the Treaty of Waitangi?