2. Unit 3 Chapter 6 Infancy

3. STAGES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT ERIKSON & PIAGET

4. Erikson and PiagetErikson and Piaget  Erikson Infancy is psychosocial stage of TRUST VS. MISTRUST – what does that mean?

5.  Infants are born totally dependent on their caregivers  They MUST receive appropriate and consistent care in order to develop a sense of security  Infants whose needs are met consistently in a warm and nurturing manner learn that the world is a safe place and people are dependable = trust  Trust helps babies develop positive emotional bonds and attachments  What happens when babies don’t receive appropriate and consistent care?

6. Piaget  SENSORIMOTOR STAGE- Birth to 2 years  Infant goes from having mostly random reflex actions to goal-directed behavior  Birth to 1 month of age-Reflex activity  reflexes present at birth are the basic building blocks for intelligent behavior  Ex. – touch a baby on the cheek and the baby will turn toward the touch with an open mouth

7.  1 to 4 months of age- Primary circular reactions - baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results  Example – baby learns that sucking brings comfort

8.  8-12 months of age- Coordination of secondary schemes – baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal Baby begins to problem solve Development of object permanence

9. Assessing DevelopmentAssessing Development  ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT-Human service professionals need to:  Contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of “typical” children of that age  Infants may need developmental assessment if they fail to demonstrate a skill at an age when 90% of babies can perform that skill  How do parents find that out?

10. FAILURE TO THRIVEFAILURE TO THRIVE  Weight and age are compared to see if a child falls below the 5 th percentile for their age  MANY reasons for FTT – any guesses?

11.  Organic FTT – underlying medical condition  Nonorganic FTT – no medical cause can be found

12. Categorization  Typical part of development  Process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experiences  Infants as young as 6 or 7 months have demonstrated this ability

13. SPEECH & LANGUAGEDEVELOPMENT

14. Developmental Milestones for Speech & Language  Coos 2 – 3 months  Babbles 3 – 6 months  Says “mama” and “dada” 9 – 17 months  Uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” 12 – 15 months  Uses many words and can point to body parts 15 – 18 months  Uses 2-3 word sentences 20 – 24 months  Refers to self by own name 24+ months

15. True or False????True or False????  Using “baby talk” delays a child’s language development

16. FALSE!!  According to research by Anne Fernald, a leading researcher in infant-directed speech, babies prefer baby talk.  The “sing-song” quality may be what engages babies’ attention – as babies prefer high-pitched sounds (think about how adults talk to babies)  Fernald’s research has shown that baby talk is important for normal infant development.

17. ATTTACHMENT

18.  LOTS of research on this topic!  Early theories held that attachment was the result of needs satisfaction  Monkey study by Harlow failed to support that theory Wire “mom” that fed baby monkeys vs. cloth “mom” - showed no preference to the wire mom  Today, it is believed that, according to John Bowlby, attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis  Babies form close, intimate relationships with a caregiver to ensure its survival  Theory suggests that parents and infants may be biologically programmed to form an attachment

19. Social ReferencingSocial Referencing  In new settings, infants will look to caregiver for guidance on how to interpret the situation  This social referencing helps infants determine whether novel situation is safe or frightening

20. Strange Situation ProcedureStrange Situation Procedure  Developed by American Developmental Psychologist Mary Ainsworth  Infant uses primary caregiver as a secure base – leaves the caregiver to explore – returns for comfort and security  Playroom experiment  Led to classification of attachment

21. Attachment DisordersAttachment Disorders  SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT DISORDERS  Failure to reestablish interaction after separations  Excessive dependency/inability to seek and use presence of attachment figure  Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill  Very common with children in the child welfare system

22. Impact of Mother’s Emotional State on Attachment  Emotional state experienced by mothers can greatly impact attachment pattern of their infant  Mothers who display symptoms of stress/anxiety from post partum depression tend to have infants who develop Insecure-ambivalent attachment

23. INFANT TEMPERAMENTINFANT TEMPERAMENT

24. Three Types of TemperamentThree Types of Temperament  EASY CHILD  SLOW TO WARM UP  DIFFICULT CHILD  EASY CHILD—regular positive responses to new stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or moderately intense mood-40 % are classified as Easy Child

25. Three Types of Temperament (cont.)Three Types of Temperament (cont.)  SLOW TO WARM UP—more sedate, less exuberant orientation to the world, negative responses, and slower adaptation-15 % are classified as Slow to Warm Up  DIFFICULT CHILD-unpredictable daily habits, negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative mood  70 % of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment in later life, while only 18 % of easy infants did

26. HEALTH RISKS OF INFANTS & HEALTH RISKS OF INFANTS & ABUSE ABUSE

27. Health Risks of InfantsHealth Risks of Infants  EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE  Can increase risk of respiratory problems  Places infants at higher risk for pneumonia and bronchitis  LEAD-Infants can ingest lead by:  Drinking water  Household dust  Eating paint chips

28. Health Risks of Infants (cont.)Health Risks of Infants (cont.)  SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)  Most common cause of death in the first year of life-results in approximately 7,000 deaths per year  SIDS death and death from suffocation CANNOT be distinguished with an autopsy  Back to Sleep Campaign  Initiated by National Institute of Child Health in October 2002  Encouraged parents to put babies to sleep on their backs

29. Abuse  1/3 of all child abuse victims are less than 1 year old  Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves

30. LOW INCOME FAMILIES/ AT RISK PARENTS

31. Low Income FamiliesLow Income Families  Infants in poor families are more likely to have an increased number of injuries and health problems  WIC  Federally funded program  Provides source of supplemental nutrition for low income women and children up to age 5

32. At Risk ParentsAt Risk Parents  PARENTS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS  Children whose parents have a mental illness- increased risk of developing mental illness themselves because of:  The parent’s behavior  Genetics  TEEN PARENTS  More prone to depression when compared to adults

33. ADOPTION

34. Facts About AdoptionFacts About Adoption  According to David Brodzinsky (Rutgers University), the majority of adopted children DO NOT have major psychological issues  The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on the following:  Race  Color  National Origin

35. Questions????