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The Social Self: Lecture #2 topics Who am I? How do we know who we are? How do we see ourselves? How do we want to be seen? How do we feel about ourselves?
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Who am I? self-concept: sum total of beliefs we have of ourselves answers to “_________ ?” composed of self-schemas: mental templates that guide how we process _________ information
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Who am I? “Korean” “female” “short” “Ph.D. student” “dog lover” “psychology”
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Who am I? the self-reference effect: enhanced _________ & _________ of self- relevant information
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How do we know who we are? introspection: looking _________ to our own thoughts & feelings can be inaccurate when causes of our own behaviour are not _________ e.g., Nisbett & Schachter’s (1966) fake pill study
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How do we know who we are? RESULTS (Nisbett & Schachter, 1966): HIGH LOW
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How do we know who we are? self-perception theory (Bem, 1972): observing our own _________ to infer our thoughts & feelings occurs when internal states are _________ / _________ can’t account for our behaviour
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How do we know who we are? facial feedback hypothesis: changes in _________ can trigger changes in subjective emotions e.g., Strack’s (1988) & Laird’s (1974, 1984) studies
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How do we know who we are? (courtesy of Gary Larsen)
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How do we know who we are? social identities: _________ memberships; the “_________” part of our self-concepts our self-concepts are defined in relation to other people
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How do we know who we are? social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954): we compare ourselves to _________ when we can’t _________ assess our own abilities, opinions, or emotions e.g., Schachter & Singer’s (1962) vitamin shot study
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How do we know who we are? RESULTS (Schachter & Singer, 1962): placebodrug- informed drug- uninformed happy confederate angry confederate
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How do I see myself? private self- consciousness: focus on _________ thoughts & feelings more likely to act according to _________ standards public self- consciousness: focus on _________ more likely to _________ behaviour to _________ social situation
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How do I see myself? self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1989): discrepancy between how we are & how we want to be determines how we feel about ourselves actual self: who you are _________ ought self: how you _________ be ideal self: how you _________ to be
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How do I see myself? an unfortunate victim of “choking”…?
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How do I see myself?
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dealing with excessive self-awareness: act _________ with personal values/ socially accepted ideals to reduce self-discrepancies withdraw from self-awareness completely e.g., _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________
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How do I want to be seen? self-presentation: shaping what others think of us _________ _________- _________
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How do I want to be seen?
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self-presentation: shaping what others think of us strategic ingratiationself-promotion _________ - _________
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How do I want to be seen? self-monitoring: controlling one’s behaviour to meet social expectations
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How do I want to be seen? high self-monitors: _________ behaviour according to social expectations behaviour _________ across situations more likely to engage in _________ low self-monitors: less concerned about adjusting actions to fit social expectations behaviour _________ across situations more likely to be _________
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How do I feel about myself? self-esteem: _________ component of the self consisting of _________ & _________ self-evaluations trait & state (context-dependent) self-esteem individual differences in stability
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How do I feel about myself? sociometer hypothesis (Leary & Baumeister, 2000): based on evolutionary perspectives self-esteem = barometer of social _________ / _________ social inclusion = _________ self-esteem terror management theory (Greenberg et al., 1997): self-preservation vs. death awareness “_________ _________ ” help us cope with mortality high self-esteem = _________ adherence to worldviews
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How do I feel about myself? Heine (1999): Canadian self-esteem scores: Low High Japanese self-esteem scores: LowHigh
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How do I feel about myself? East Asian cultures: _________ interdependence emphasis on the _________ individual needs are _________ ego enhancement is _________ Western cultures: _________ independence emphasis on the _________ individual needs are _________ ego enhancement is _________
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How do I feel about myself? To what extent are you: (1)…happy? (2)…friendly? (3)…smart? (4)…funny? (5)…friendly? (6) …hard-working? (7) …tidy? (8) …creative? (9) …confident? (10) …easy-going? 12345 not at alla littlemoderatelyveryextremely
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How do I feel about myself? We’re all better than average: 50% of business people rate their morals as “90” on a scale from 1 to 100 86% of Australians rate their job performance as “above average” most university students believe they will live 10 years longer than their statistically predicted age of death
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How do I feel about myself? false uniqueness effect: we’re more unique than we really are belief that our _________ are _________ common than they really are false consensus effect: _________ people support our opinions than they really do belief that our _________ are _________ common than they really are
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How do I feel about myself? implicit egotism: _________ preference for the letters in our _________ over other letters in the alphabet influences preferences, career choice, residence, & other major life decisions
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How do I feel about myself? St. John’s, NFLD Saskatoon, SK gin kangaroos So-Jin Kang surgeon
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How do I feel about myself? taking credit for success, but not for failure: we make _________ attributions for _________ outcomes & _________ attributions for _________ outcomes unrealistic optimism: we’re more likely to experience _________ events & less likely to experience _________ ones
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How do I feel about myself? self-handicapping: making excuses for past & future performance e.g., “ _________ ” sandbagging e.g., “ _________ !” self-sabotage e.g., “ _________ ” BIRG-ing: “basking in the _________ glory” of others
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How do I feel about myself? self-evaluation maintenance: when a significant other outperforms us, self-esteem threatened? response unimportant domain no important domain yes
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How do I feel about myself? downward social comparisons: comparing ourselves to people who are _________ off than us most likely to occur after a _________ event self-sabotage downward temporal comparisons: we’re better today than we were in the past
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How do I feel about myself? self-esteem is beneficial: optimism & other positive illusions help us cope with adversity promotes happiness, caring, & productivity high self-esteem people: _________ adjusted on personality tests
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How do I feel about myself? self-esteem has a dark side: people with extremely _________ self-esteem can be _________ : excessive self-love, unjustified positive & grandiose self-views e.g., Bushman & Baumeister (1998) noise blast study
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How do I feel about myself? RESULTS (Bushman & Baumeister, 1998): HIGH LOW
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