1. THE SOLUTION PROCESS

2. Solute and solvent particles are held together by INTERMOLECULAR forces that are important in the formation of solutions.

3. The structure and function of a soap.

5. An EXOTHERMIC (release of energy) process happens if the solvent-solute interaction OVERCOMES the solvent- solvent and solute-solute interaction. Crystallization of solutes EXAMPLES Condensation of rain from water vapor Combustion of fuels such as wood, coal Mixing of alkalis and acids The setting of cement and concretes

6. An ENDOTHERMIC (absorption of energy) process happens if the solute-solvent interaction is WEAKER than solvent-solvent and solute-solute interaction. EXAMPLES Cold pack of ammonium nitrate and water Evaporation of water Photosynthesis

7. HYDRATION (SOLVATION) is the process in which an ion or molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in an orderly manner. ION –DIPOLE IMF

8. Crystals that are held by DISPERSION forces (London) dissolves readily in nonpolar solvents.

9. Classification of solutions based on THE CAPACITY OF THE SOLVENT TO DISSOLVE A SOLUTE. UNSATURATEDSOLUTION (less dissolved solute) SATURATED SOLUTION (max. amount of solute)

10. Classification of solutions based on THE CAPACITY OF THE SOLVENT TO DISSOLVE A SOLUTE. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION (more dissolved solute )

11. Sodium acetate crystallizing from a supersaturated solution. supersaturated solution

12. SOLUBILITY is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a certain specified temperature.

13. There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance. TEMPERATURE (higher temp=higher solubility EXCEPTION: Gases becomes less soluble as temperature increases.

14. There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance. PRESSURE ( no effect on solids and liquids) (solubility of gases is affected by the pressure change)

15. There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT (“like dissolves like”) Substances with similar types of intermolecular forces dissolve in each other.

16. There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS PARTICLE SIZE OF SOLUTE & SURFACE AREA The smaller the particles, the faster the dissolution process since there is greater exposure of solute on the solvent.

17. STIRRING and JARRING(shaking) There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS

18. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE More solute dissolves in HOT solvent than in COLD solvent. *the faster the solvents move, the faster it will surround the solute causing the solute to dissolve. There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS