1. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles

2. There are important exceptions to Mendel’s discoveries Not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles Many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes

3. Incomplete Dominance Cases in which one allele is NOT completely dominant over another Heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes –Get a mixture/blending of the parents’ traits = THIRD phenotype!! –Ex. Snap dragons or four o’ clock plants and flower colors

4. Incomplete Dominance – Four O’ Clock Flowers R = Red W = White RW = Pink

5. Incomplete Dominance – Four O’ Clock Flowers R = Red W = White RW = Pink

6. Incomplete Dominance - What About This? What happens when you cross a Pink Four O’ Clock (RW) with another Pink Four O’Clock (RW)? RW x RW RW R W RR R W RW W W R = Red W = White RW = Pink

7. Incomplete Dominance In people, hypercholesterolemia – dangerous amounts of cholesterol in blood – is an example of incomplete dominance –HH = normal amounts of cholesterol –hh = about 5 times as much cholesterol in blood –Hh = about 2 times as much cholesterol in blood

8. Codominance Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of organism –See both parents’ traits in offspring –Ex. chickens and feather color Allele for black feathers is codominant with allele for white feathers. Chickens with both alleles are black and white speckled –Ex. cattle and hair color Allele for red hair is codominant with allele for white hair. Cattle with both alleles are roan, or pinkish brown in color because the coat is a mixture of both red and white hairs X =

9. Codominance – Hair Color in Cattle Cross a Homozygous Red Hair Cow (RR) with a Homozygous White Hair Bull (WW) RR x WW R = red hair W = white hair RW = roan RR W W RR RR WW WW

10. Codominance - What About This? What happens when you cross a Roan Cow (RW) with a Roan Bull (RW)? RW x RW R = red hair W = white hair RW = roan RW R W RR R W RW W W

11. Multiple Alleles Many genes have more than two alleles and are therefore said to have multiple alleles An organism doesn’t have more than two alleles, but more than two possible alleles exist

12. Human Blood Type – A Multiple Allele Trait Blood Type O is universal donor – Why? Blood Type AB is universal recipient – Why? I A I A I B I A i I A I B I B I B I i Technical Genotype

13. Human Blood Type – A Codominant Multiple Allele Trait Blood Type O is universal donor – Why? Blood Type AB is universal recipient – Why? Blood Group (Phenotype) O Genotypes Antibodies Present in Blood Red Blood Cells Reactions When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from Groups at Left A B AB O A B ii IAIBIAIB I B or I B i I A or I A i Carbohydrate A Carbohydrate B Anti-A Anti-B Anti-A Anti-B —

14. Pleiotropy One gene influences several characteristics –Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia – abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin crystallizes, different blood cell shape – all of this affects different parts of the body since blood flow is reduced

15. Polygenic Inheritance Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes Polygenic inheritance = many, many different phenotypes possible! Traits controlled by two or more genes = polygenic traits –Ex. 3 genes involved in making reddish-brown pigment in eyes of fruit-flies. Different combinations of these 3 genes produce different eye colors –Ex. Human skin color and height