1. Urinary system

2. Functions of Urinary System
Removes waste
Maintains acid-base balance of body
Parts include:
2 KIDNEYS
2 URETERS
BLADDER
URETHRA

3. Kidneys 2 bean shaped organs Protected by ribs and fat
Each kidney is found in mass of fatty tissue (adipose capsule)
2 main sections:
Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the neurons that aid in production of urine
Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry urine from the nephrons through the kidneys

4. Nephrons Microscopic filtering units Over 1 million/kidney
Contains glomerulus
Cluster of capillaries that filter waste
Bowman’s capsule
Surround glomerulus picks up filtered materials and passes it to the convoluted tubule
Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries
At the end, most of the water, sugar, vitamins and salts have been reabsorbed
Excess salts, water, wastes remain in the tubule and become urine
Urine enters collecting ducts (tubes) in the medulla
Collecting tubes empty into the renal pelvis (first section of the ureter)

5. Ureters 2 muscular tubes 10-12 inches long
One extends from the renal pelvis to the bladder
Peristalsis: a wavelike motion of the involuntary muscle that moves urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder

6. Bladder FUNCTIONS: Hollow muscular sac
Lining folds called rugae – disappears as muscles of bladder allow it to expand and fill with urine
3 layers of visceral muscle
Urge to void occurs when bladder contains 1 cup
Circular sphincter muscle
Control bladder opening
Can’t be controlled by infants
FUNCTIONS:
Receives urine from ureters
Stores urine until eliminated from body

7. Urine Urethra Tube carries urine from bladder to outside
External opening called meatus
Different in male/females
Females shorter
Opens in front of vagina or passes through the penis
Male: carries both urine from urinary system and semen from the reproductive system
Liquid waste
95% water
Excess useful products like sugar can be found, but usually indicates disease
1 ½ - 2 quarts produced daily
150 quarts filtered through kidneys

8. Key Terms Polyuria: excess urination Oliguria: below normal urination
Anuria: absence of urination
Hematuria: blood in urine
Nocturia: urination at night
Dysuria: painful urination
Retention: inability to empty bladder
Incontinence: involuntary urination

9. Diseases Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder
Symptoms:
Frequent urination
Dysuria and burning
Bladder spasm
Hematuria
? Fever ?
Treatment:
Antibiotics and increased fluid intake
Inflammation of the bladder
More common in females due to shortness of urethra

10. Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomerulus
Usually follows strep infection
Can be acute or chronic
Symptoms: hematuria, hypertension, edema, fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure, death
Treatment: treat symptoms
Low salt diet, high blood pressure medicine, dialysis, transplant

11. Pyelonephritis Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelvis
Usually caused by pus forming bacteria
Symptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria, hematuria and pyuria
Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake

12. Renal Calculi Kidney stone formed when salts in urine settle
Small stones can be eliminated in urine
Large stones may become lodged
Symptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and retention
Treatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery

13. Renal Failure Kidneys stop functioning Acute Chronic
Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydration
Prompt treatment leads to good prognosis
Chronic
Progressive loss of kidney function caused by glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine disease.
Waste accumulates and affects body systems

14. Uremia Toxic condition where urinary waste is in bloodstream
Caused from any condition that affects proper function of kidneys
Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria, headache and confusion, coma/death
Treatment: restrictive diet,
dialysis, transplant

15. Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra
Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals
Symptoms: painful urination, redness, itching at meatus, ?discharge
Treatment: sitz baths or warm compresses, antibiotics, increased fluid intake