1. Entrance, Exit and Exclusion Labour Market Flows of Foreign Born Adults in Swedish “Divided Cities” Charlotta Hedberg Department of Human Geography Stockholm University, Sweden Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Population Geographies 10-13 July 2007, Hong Kong

2. ”Divided cities” and labour markets Segregation and ”neighbourhood effects” –Less affluent areas hamper socio-economic careers Foreign born in the labour market

3. Vulnerable labour markets Labour markets as fluid, but highly segmented spaces –Constituted by multiple flows –Embedded in the individual life course Study, parental leave, unemployment International migration –Structures Discrimination, social capital, segmentation LM EntranceExit Exclusion

4. Aim to investigate social mobility patterns of the foreign born population in urban areas in Sweden Hypotheses The foreign born population has –a higher degree of exclusion than native born –a higher labour turnover (entrance and exit) The population of ”distressed” neighbourhoods have a less favourable labour mobility

5. Data PLACE – the longitudinal database –All individuals –Annual data –Geocoded –Income tax return Design of the study –Foreign & Swedish born –Adult cohort (25-40 year-olds) –Period of economic recovery (1993-2002) –”Distressed” areas & surrounding city regions –Stockholm and Malmö 8 main categories

6. Classification of livelihood positions 1.Employment 2.Vulnerable positions –Unemployment –Social allowance –Other vulnerable positions 3.Other life course events –Student –Parental leave –Age-pension –Death –Emigration –Other events

7. Employment 1993-2002

8. Vulnerable positions 1993-2002

9. Livelihood positiosn 1993-2002

10. Transitions matrix Example 1994 1993 Employ- ment Vulnerable positions Life course events Total Foreign born, ”distr. areas”, Sthlm Employment 86,79,83,4100 Vulnerable positions 17,473,49,2100 Life course events 15,719,864,5100 Total 52,433,813,8100

12. Unequal ”pace” towards the labour market

13. Unequal ”pace” towards vulnerability

14. Stability between positions Increasing employment stability Decreasing stability on vulnerable positions among foreign born

15. Out-migration 1993-2002

16. Small neigihbourhood effects in Stockholm

17. Conclusions – foreign born in the labour market Entrance –General improvement –Growing stability –Slower ”pace” Regional vulnerability: ”distressed” areas in Malmö Exit –High turnover –Higher pace of exit Exclusion –25 %

18. Conclusions cont. Convergence –between foreign and native born groups Polarisation –within the group of foreign born No ”neighbourhood effects” –No socio-economic selectivity in out-migration from Stockholm Segregation in the labour market –Fluid but segmented space

19. Thank you for listening! Questions? charlotta@hedbergspace.com