2. What are Determiners? Unit 14 – Presentation 1 “a broad category of the English grammar that contains many subcategories in it, e.g. demonstrative & indefinite pronouns, articles, etc”

4. Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 1. some its derivatives: somebody/ someone, something, somewhere positive meaning affirmative sentences (but also in qu’s: a. offering sth OR b. expecting a positive answer) other uses a) some + singular countable noun b) some + cardinal number c) some + question word/ noun  adverbs d) cardinal number + -something

5. Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 2. any its derivatives: anybody/ anyone, anything, anywhere neutral meaning interrogative & negative sentences (but also in aff. sent’s: a. with if or expressing doubt & b. with a change of meaning) other uses b) any + comparative adj./ adv. a) any + question word/ noun  adverbs

6. Which are the Indefinite Pronouns? 3. no its derivatives: nobody/ no-one, nothing, nowhere strong negative meaning affirmative sentences but turns them into negative other usesa) no + comparative adj./ adv.

7. 1.Don’t confuse it with the adverb no that is used in negative answers. e.g. ‘Are you happy at your new place?’ ‘Well, no, not exactly.’ 2.Following the ‘no double negative’ rule, it can’t be used with not, hardly/ scarcely, seldom/ rarely, without. Notes on the Indefinite ‘no’

9. Which are these ‘Quantity’ Words? Type of Noun Countable Uncountable positiveinterrogativenegative lots/ a lot of (how) many? (how) much? (not) many (not) much NOTE: lots/ a lot (of)/ many ≠ few/ a few (few: negative meaning) lots/ a lot (of)/ much ≠ little/ a little (little: negative meaning) Much, many also in affirmative sentences when they are (parts of) the subject or for brevity. A lot (of) also in negative (short) answers for euphony/ emphasis. Near synonyms to lots/ a lot (of): plenty (of), a good/ great deal (of), a large amount/ quantity/ number (of).

10. Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words I a)much + comparative adj.’s/ adv.’s OR ‘too’  emphatic comparative/ result construction b)much + participle  new compound adjective c)much + as + subject + verb  special concession (mainly with verbs of like/ dislike, praise/ criticism

11. Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words II d)many + a(n) + (adj.) + singular noun  emphatic form of the commoner many + plural countable noun e)in phrases meaning lots/ a lot (of)  a good many, a great many f)a lot + comparative  emphatic comparative

13. No/ Neither/ None 1. no + noun  adj. ≠ a(n)/ some/ any e.g. no friend of mine will testify against me. 2. nobody/ no-one no + body/ one  pronoun ≠ a(n)/ somebody/ anybody, someone/ anyone – an answer to ‘who’ 4. none (of the two)  adj. OR pronoun ≠ both/ either – an answer to ‘which’ (of the two) (of three or more)  quantitative pronoun ≠ everyone/ everybody/ everything/ all – an answer to ‘how much/ many’ 3. neither

14. All of the words in the previous slide: a) refer to one person or thing at a time & b) are found with a singular verb, except for: some/ any, which could have a plural in cases & both/ all, which are always found in plural with this meaning. Notes on no/ neither/ none & their opposites

16. Every/ Each/ All 1. every singular countable noun  adjective – Exception: in time phrases e.g. every 3 months 2. each sing. countable noun  adj. OR + (of)  pronoun a) sing. (un)count. noun  adj. 3. all b) plural count. noun  adj. c) other determiners + noun  pre- determiner d) (of) as a pronoun e.g. All was quiet and peaceful. e) as an adverb e.g. all alone

18. Other/ Others/ Else 1. othernoun  adjective 2. an + other another  adjective OR pronoun 4. else  pronouns  pronoun OR adverb 3. the other(s)

20. What are the Reflexive Pronouns? They are the –self form of the possessive adj.’s (for the 1 st & 2 nd persons, singular & plural) and of the accusative case personal pronouns (for the 3 rd persons, also singular & plural).

21. How are the Reflexive Pronouns used? In 3 different ways: a) they form the Middle Voice by replacing the object of an active/ action verb. b) as emphatic forms of the subject or object (without replacing them). c) preceded by the preposition by, they mean alone/ on my own. Opposites: each other/ one another.