1. Lecture 2 Introduction to Earth History

2. IComponents of Geology A)Physical Geology B)Historical Geology IIFounders of A)James Ussher B)Nicolaus Steno 1)Superposition 2)Original Horizontality 3)Original Lateral Continuity C)John Strachey D)Giovanni Arduino E)Abraham Gottlob Werner F)James Hutton 1)Plutonism 2)Uniformitarianism 3)Hutton's Corollaries to Superposition a)Cross-Cutting Relationships b)Inclusion G)William Smith H)Charles Lyell I)Charles Darwin Outline

3. Geological Science geology physical geology historical geology the study of the planet Earth - the materials of which it is made, the processes that act on these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life forms since its origin. a broad division of geology that concerns itself with the processes and forces involved in the inorganic evolution of the Earth and morphology, and with its constituent minerals, rocks, magmas, and core materials. a major branch of geology that is concerned with the evolution of the Earth and its life forms from its origins to the present day.

4. Catastrophism James Ussher (1581-1656) catastrophism the doctrine that sudden violent, short-lived, more or less worldwide events outside our present experience or knowledge have greatly modified the Earth's crust accounting for its present configuration as well as for the observed distribution of life forms.

5. Founders of Historical Geology Nicolaus Steno (1638-1687) fossil descriptions first stratigrapher Steno's Laws Superposition Original Horizontality Original Lateral Continuity

6. Steno's Laws Superposition

7. Steno's Laws Original Horizontality

8. Steno's Laws Original Lateral Continuity

9. Founders of Historical Geology John Strachey (1671-1743) local stratigraphy of English coal beds described first angular unconformity an unconformity in which younger sediments rest upon the eroded surface of tilted or folded older rocks.

10. Founders of Historical Geology Giovanni Arduino (1714-1795) founder of stratigraphy Italian mines specialist

11. Founders of Historical Geology Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817) neptunism the theory that the rocks of the Earth's crust all consist of material deposited from, or crystallized out of, water. Woodward (1733) mining inspector and teacher first to systematically classify minerals

12. Founders of Historical Geology Georges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832) founder of vertebrate paleontology scientific catastrophism

13. Founders of Historical Geology William Smith (1769-1839) first geologic map

14. Principle of Faunal Succession Life on Earth has evolved through time. Therefore, Like assemblages of fossils are of like age, and, The rocks containing them are of like age

15. Founders of Historical Geology James Hutton (1726-1797) dynamic/cyclic concept of Earth history (rock cycle) plutonism deep time uniformitarianism recognized significance of unconformities corollaries to superposition

16. Hutton's Rock Cycle

17. Plutonism the concept of the formation of the Earth by solidification of a molten mass. plutonism Kircher (1655)

18. Deep Time

19. Uniformitarianism the fundamental principle that geological processes and natural laws now operating to modify the Earth's crust have acted in much the same manner and with essentially the same intensity throughout geologic time, and that past geologic events can be explained by forces observable today; "The present is the key to the past." James Hutton (1726-1797)

20. Hutton's Unconformities

21. Hutton's Corollaries Cross-cutting Relationships

22. Hutton's Corollaries Inclusions

23. Founders of Historical Geology Charles Lyell (1797-1875) first geologic time scale relative time

24. Founders of Historical Geology Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Evolution of Species through Natural Selection

25. Components of Historical Geology geochronology paleoclimatology sea level stratigraphy plate tectonic movements paleontology

26. General Patterns in Earth History

27. Heat Flow Heat production 4 billion years ago was 4 to 6 times as great as it is now

28. General Patterns in Earth History Major Trends

29. General Patterns in Earth History Atmospheric Oxygen

30. General Patterns in Earth History The History of Life

31. MASS EXTINCTION Range of Global BiodiversityPeriodEra CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC QUATERNARY TERTIARY CRETACEOUS JURASSIC TRIASSIC PERMIAN CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN General Patterns in Earth History Biodiversity in Earth History MASS EXTINCTION

32. General Patterns in Earth History Paleogeography (Tectonics) 600 million years ago 450 million years ago 300 million years ago today

33. General Patterns in Earth History Climate

34. General Patterns in Earth History Sea Level

35. General Patterns in Earth History Summary