1. Architectural Cue Model in Evacuation Simulation for Underground Space Chengyu Sun Phd Candidate Tongji University, China Prof. Bauke de Vries Supervisor Eindhoven University of Technology

2. Motivation & Research Goal Question: How the evacuee looks for the route to exit in underground? Goal: To model how the evacuees use Architectural Cues to look for the Route To Exit in the public underground space. All Available Cues Dynamic Cues Other evacuees’ behavior herding, leading, following… Threatening fire, smoke… Semi-fixed Cues Graphic signs, colors, textures, maps… Fixed Cues Spatial circulation system… Architectural stairs, exit, doorways…

3. Reviews on the methods of computing route to exit in 34 evacuation models Non-Architectural Global Information based model Signage Following model Subjective Architectural Preference Level Following model Conditional Nearest-Exit model Random Searching model Methods of Computing Route to ExitCapable Model(s) Not Architectural Global Information Based Designated Route Following ALLSAFE; EESCAPE; Egress Complex Model; EgressPro; EXIT89*; GridFlow*; Magnetic Model*; PedGo; Simulex*; VEgAS*; Designated Flow Split Following EVACNET4; PEDROUTE*; TIMTEXT; WAYOUT Designated Exit Approaching ASERI*; GridFlow*; SimWALK; VEgAS*; Magnetic Field Following Magnetic Model* Conditional Flow Field Following FDS+Evac; Conditional Nearest-Exit Following ASERI*; BFIRES-2; buildingEXODUS; CRISP3; EGRESS; EvacSim; EXIT89*; EXITT; E-SCAPE; F.A.S.T; Fluid Model; FPETool; GridFlow*; Legion; Magnetic Model*; Myriad**; PathFinder; PEDROUTE*; Simulex*; STEPS; Local Information Based Signage Following PEDROUTE* Subjective Architectural Local Information Based Preference Level Following BGRAF; Conditional Nearest-Exit Approaching MASSegress*; SGEM**; Random Searching MASSegress*;

4. A Game to indicate Architectural Cues in searching a route to exit Imagine: You are a visitor unfamiliar with this underground space You are asked to evacuate immediately. There are two directions to evacuate in front of you indicated by two red men. Which side do you choose by instinct? Left or Right? Without other cue, your decision must depend on the Architectural Cues: Colonnade & 2 Doorway Entrances. Have you noticed and used them in your decision?

5. Questionnaire & Pre-experiment To have an overview of architectural cues To test the reliability of the subjects’ response in CAVE designed specially To collect & observe the routes Architectural Cues List Median Preference Level Votes of Every Preference Level Total 123456789101112 Outdoor Light158189551203100102 Upstairs/Slope Up31331201378242110102 Exit32018171372344554102 Raised Ceiling616121413 1297690102 Doorway63451026161097822102 Columns63791311139 11661102 Natural Light Ceiling725111251518615526102 Escalator7251181011161013691102 Handrail800168131124121089102 Sight Lift10064342887242511102 Downstairs/Slope Down100034453 1513738102 Lift11020123856172830102

6. Assumptions before modeling When: During the time occupant moves to exit (Sime, 1986) Where: In Exit Access between Occupied Space and Exit (ICC, 2006, NFPA, 2006) Who: Visitor who is unfamiliar with the underground space (Deasy, 1985) What: Simultaneous evacuation (Tubbs, 2007) Cues Used: Only Architectural Cues: Doorway Entrance, Stair / Slope / Escalator, Exit (Arthur, 1992) (Colonnade is not included up to now) Cues Masked: All other non-architectural cues Memory Usage & Decision Making Strip Route Map (not Survey Map) (Arthur,1992) Dynamics of decision making (not With Decision Plan ) (Passini, 1984) Stress: If a setting works well under normal conditions, it will have a better chance of working well in emergency conditions. (Arthur, 1992)

7. Model Framework

8. How to See? Artificial Vision based Architectural Cue Recognition Object Information + Depth Information = Pixel-based Recognition

9. How to Choose? The Attributes of Architectural Cues Doorway Entrance TYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W Stair (Ramp / Escalator) TYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W Exit

10. How to Choose? Preference Prediction Function The Function is able to predict the choice between two cues

11. How to Choose? Parameter Estimation Experiment The Scene Design Doorway – Exit is not considered according to the pre-experiment results Scene Type Levels of the VariablesNumber of Scenes by Fractional Factorial Design TypeLRA1A2DHW Doorway n/a27775749 Stair n/a27775749 Exit n/a27775749 Doorway Stair 227975781 Exit Stair 227975781

12. How to Choose? Parameter Estimation Experiment An Example of Scene No.39 in Stair-Exit Designed Levels Practical Dimensions instead of Ratio Levels Recorded Subjects’ Choice ID Left Cue Type Level Ratio Level A1A2DWH 39217574 ID Left Type Right Type lA1-rA1 (degree) lA2-rA2 (degree) lD-rD (meter) lW-rW (meter) lH-rH (meter) 39ExitStair60 : 7.55 : 4010 : 201 : 7.22.5 : 5 ChosenCue TypeSideA1A2DWH 00014121087 11117574

13. How to Choose? Parameter Estimation Experiment Collecting Subjects’ Choices Doorway-Doorway96 subjects Stair-Stair96 subjects Exit-Exit91 subjects Doorway-Stair96 subjects Exit-Stair91 subjects

14. How to Choose? Parameter Estimation Experiment Multinomial Logistic Regression

15. Validations Reproducing 13/14 subjects’ traces in pre-experiment successfully Interesting Phenomena Global Nearest Exit is not always preferred Local Visible Nearest Exit is not always preferred Sometimes Stair is more preferable than Exit

16. Conclusions The model can predict how the evacuees use Architectural Cues to find route to exit in underground spaces.

17. Conclusions The model is a reference to architects in the initial space design stage Architects can adjust the attractiveness of the cue by modifying the attributes according to the table.

18. The Future Work Further ValidationFurther Validation Looking for applications in real projectsLooking for applications in real projects

19. The End Thanks