1. 1 Pertemuan 26 Overview and Integration Matakuliah: MPG09344-010 / Leadership and Organisation Tahun: 2007 Versi: versi/revisi 1

2. 2 Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter students should be able to: Summarizes major findings about leadership traits, skills, behaviour, influence processes, and situational variables. Understand the key points of convergence in findings from these different approaches for studying leadership. Understand what progress has been made in integrating the findings in different approaches for studying leadership. Understand how biases in the conceptualization of leadership affect theory and research. Understand how the methods used for studying leadership affect what is learned about it. Understand the advantages offered by multi method research on leadership. Understand what has been learned about the essence of effective leadership.

3. 3 Outline Materi Major findings in Leadership Research Toward an Integrating Conceptual Framework Biases in the Conceptualization of Leadership Controversies about Research Methods Concluding Thoughts Review and Discussion Questions

4. 4 Major findings in Leadership Research The leadership situation –Actions are limited by many internal and external constraints, such as policies, rules, standard procedures, budgetary limitations and labor laws –Aspects of the situation also determine the importance of leadership and can substitute for some aspects of it

5. 5 Leadership behavior –Effective leaders develop a mental agenda of short-term and long-term objectives and strategies –Different taxonomies for learning leaders’ behaviors: task-oriented Relations-oriented Change-oriented –Effective leaders mix them up

6. 6 Power and influence –Influence is the essence of Leadership –Position Power Referent power Expert power –The manner in which leader exercises power –Social influence techniques –Distribution and sharin gof power

7. 7 Traits and skills –Technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills are needed for most leadership roles and functions. Cognitive skills Interpersonal skills Technical skills –Personality traits relevant; To the accumulation and use of power For effective task-oriented leadership Effective relations-oriented leadership Effective change-oriented leadership

8. 8 Toward an integrating conceptual framework Biases in the conceptualization of Leadership –Heroic individuals versus shared leadership –Dyadic versus collective focus –Importance of explanatory processes

9. 9 Controversies about research methods –Qualitative versus quantitative methods –Survey versus experimental studies –Level of analysis –Other methodological weakness Concluding thoughts –The essence of effective leadership Help interpret the meaning of events Create alignment on objectives and strategies Build task commitment and optimism Build mutual trust and cooperation Strengthen collective identity

10. 10 Organize and coordinate activities Encourage and facilitate collective learning Obtain necessary resources and support Develop and empower people Promote social justice and morality

11. 11 Closing Review and Discussion Questions Companion Website : Exercises and Reading