1. Race and Segregation in American Schools EDTHP 115 Spring, 2003

2. What is Segregation? de jure (“by law”) segregation de jure (“by law”) segregation  Segregation mandated by law  Southern States  Outlawed by Brown decision (1954) de facto (“in fact”) segregation de facto (“in fact”) segregation  Segregation not mandated by law  Resulting from school assignment policies & residential patterns  Still common

3. Key Supreme Court Decisions on Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Established doctrine of “separate but equal” (segregation is legal, as long as facilities are equal) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Brown v. Board of Education (1954)  “doctrine of separate but equal has no place” in US schooling

4. Key Supreme Court Decisions on Segregation (cont.) Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)  Both decisions enforced Brown, ordered school districts to use a variety of methods to eliminate segregation

5. Key Supreme Court Decisions on Segregation (cont.) Milliken v Bradley (1974) Milliken v Bradley (1974)  Disallowed most inter-district desegregation efforts Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell (1991) Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell (1991) Freeman v Pitts (1992) Freeman v Pitts (1992)  Both reduced desegregation requirements for districts

6. Racial Segregation in Public Schools, 1997-98

7. White Private School Enrollment Rates by Black School-Age Population, Southern Counties, 1990

8. What Causes School Segregation?

9. Preferences Preferences  Race-specific preferences Resources Resources  Income, wealth, social networks Constraints Constraints  School and housing policies, discrimination Housing Segregation Housing Segregation

10. Does Segregation Matter? Educational Consequences Educational Consequences  Race & Inequality  Resources in Schools Social Consequences Social Consequences  Attitudes  Contact

11. Atlanta, Percent Black, 1970

12. Atlanta, Percent Black, 1980

13. Atlanta, Percent Black, 1990

14. Atlanta, Percent Black, 2000

15. Philadelphia, Percent Black, 2000

16. Desegregation and ‘White Flight’ Move to suburbs Move to suburbs Moves to private schools Moves to private schools

17. White Private School Enrollment Rates by Black School-Age Population, Southern Counties, 1970

18. White Private School Enrollment Rates by Black School-Age Population, Southern Counties, 1980

19. White Private School Enrollment Rates by Black School-Age Population, Southern Counties, 1990