1. Pancreas

2. Pancreas Anatomy Located retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach
Midportion from the upper right to the left quadrant
Parts
Head
Body
Tail

5. Pancreas Complex organ Two types of function Exocrine function
Endocrine function

6. Function of Pancreas Exocrine function
Compound acinar gland – connects to small ducts – connects to larger ducts – joins the pancreatic duct – joins the common bile duct and enters the duodenum (small bowel)

7. Function of Pancreas What are the secretions and what do they do? Hco3
Enzymes to digest protein
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidases
Nuclease
Enzyme to digest Carbohydrate
Pancreatic amylase
Enzymes to digest Lipids
Pancreatic lipase

8. Function of Pancreas Control of function Form Initiating factor Result
Hormonal
Secretin
Acidic chyme
Large amounts of HCO3 to neutralize acid
Cholecystokinin
Fatty acids and amino acids
Digest fatty acid and amino acids
Neural
Parasympathetic stimulus
food
Secretion of enzymes into the gut

10. Function of Pancreas Endocrine function
Specialised cells (tissue) – secretes hormones directly into blood stream

11. Digestion Digestion – breaking down of food to molecules
Mechanical – larger to smaller
Chemical – breaking of covalent bonds

12. Digestion, Absorption and Transport

13. Digestion Digestion – breaking down of food to molecules
Carbohydrates – monosaccharides
Protein – aminoacids
Fats – fatty acids and glycerol

14. Absorption Absorption – begins in the stomach
Mainly alcohol,asprin but NOT the three main food products

15. Transport Transport – move the molecules across the intestinal wall
Facillitated diffusion- no need energy
e.g glcose from cell to blood
Cotransport – requires energy
e.g glucose from intestine to cell
Active transport – requires energy
e.g amino acid from blood to organs

16. Carbohydrate, Lipid Protein , Water and Mineral

18. Carbohydrate Cellulose Starches Glycogen Sucrose Fructose Lactose
(plant cell- fiber not carbohydrate)
Starches
(plant energy storage molecule)
Glycogen
( muscle energy storage molecule)
Sucrose
Fructose
Lactose
Complex carbohydrate
Disacharide

19. Carbohydrate Digestion Complex carbohydrate Polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
Complex carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
Pancreatic amylase
Disacharides
Polysaccharides
Disacharidase-intestine
Disacharide
Monosaccharides

20. Carbohydrate Monosacharide Disaccharide Digestion Glucose + Glucose
Glucose + Maltose
Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose
Fructose
Lactose
Disaccharidase
Monosacharide
Disaccharide

21. Carbohydrate Absorption and Transport
Glucose is the end product in blood is a source of energy is stored and use by the cells and increased/decreased by the presence of insulin
Intestine
Intestine cell
Blood/capillary
Cotransport
Facillitated diffusion

23. Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids
– three fatty acids and glycerol
Phospholipids
– required for transport and solubility of fat
Steroids
Cholesterol, corticosteroid, esters

24. Lipids Digestion Transforms large lipid into smaller droplets Lipid
Emulsification by bile salts
Transforms large lipid into smaller droplets
Lipid
Pancreatic amylase
Transforms large lipid into smaller droplets
Fatty acid and monoacylglycerides

25. Lipids Absorption and Transport
Carried in lacteals as chyle into liver and stored as cholesterol, LDL, HDL
Within Intestine cell they are packed into chylomicron
Intestine
Simple diffusion
Exocytosis
LDL,HDL, Triglyceride and cholesterol is the end product in blood is a source of energy is stored and use by the cells

27. Proteins
Plant protein
Animal protein

28. Proteins Digestion Protein Polypeptides Polypeptides Peptides
Pepsin
Protein
Polypeptides
Trypsin,chymotrypsin,carboxypeptidase
Polypeptides
Peptides
Peptidases
Amino acids
Peptides

29. Protein Absorption and Transport
Carried in blood to liver and throughout the body
Within Intestine cell they brokendown to amino acid
Intestine
Cotransport
Active transport
Amino acid is the end product in blood is a source of building block and the rest is metabolised to release energy and indirectly converted to small amounts of glycogen and the rest as fat which is stored and use by the cells. Transport is stimulated by growth hormone and insulin

32. Water and Mineral 9 liters enters the digestive tract 2l – food
1l – salivary gland
2L – Gastric secretion
1.2L – Pancreatic secretion
0.7L – Bile
2L – Small intestine
97% absorbed in small intestine
6-7% in large intestine
1% excreted in faeces

34. Water and Mineral Absorption and Transport Na ,K, Ca, Mg, PO4, Cl-
Intestine
Within Intestine
Blood
Osmosis
Osmosis
Na ,K, Ca, Mg, PO4,
Cl-
Blood
Active transport
Passive transport in duodenum /Active transport in ileum