1. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structural Units

2. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy –Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology –Function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

3. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy Systematic anatomy

4. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction Anterior or ventral –Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal –Back or in back of Cephalic and caudal –Toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior and inferior –Above or below another

5. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 1-1 Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction. Body directions: Cephalic refers to the skull or head end of the body, and caudal refers to the tail end. Anterior (or ventral) means “front” or “in front of.” Posterior (or dorsal) means “back” or “in back of.”

6. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction Medial and lateral –Toward or away from the midline Proximal and distal –Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial/external and deep/internal –On or near the surface or deep inside

7. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 1-2 Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction. Body directions: Proximal means “toward the point of attachment to the body” or “toward the trunk of the body.” Distal means “away from the point of attachment or origin” or “farthest from the trunk.” Medial means “toward the midline or median plane of the body,” and lateral means “away or toward the side of the body.”

8. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections Sagittal plane –Right and left parts Midsagittal plane –Equal right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane –Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse or cross section –Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

9. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 1-3 Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections. Body planes: The midsagittal plane divides the body equally into right and left halves. The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions. The coronal (or frontal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

10. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body Posterior (Dorsal) cavity –Cranial cavity – brain –Spinal cavity – spinal cord Anterior (Ventral) cavity –Thoracic cavity –Abdominopelvic cavity –Abdominal cavity –Pelvic cavity

11. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 1-4 Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body. The major body cavities

12. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity (1 of 2) Epigastric region (upper) –Just below sternum Hypochondriac regions –Located below the ribs Umbilical (middle) –Located around the navel

13. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity (2 of 2) Right and left lumbar –Extend from anterior to posterior Hypogastric (lower) –Pubic area Right and left iliac –Also called right and left inguinal areas

14. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 1-5 Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions. Regions of the thorax and abdomen

15. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity –Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity –Parts that form the nose Oral/Buccal cavity –Teeth and tongue

16. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (1 of 6) Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions.

17. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (2 of 6) These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

18. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (3 of 6) Movement –Muscle system Ingestion –Digestive system Digestion –Digestive system

19. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (4 of 6) Transport –Circulatory system Respiration –Respiratory system Synthesis –Digestive system

20. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (5 of 6) Assimilation –Digestive system Growth –Skeletal system Secretion –Endocrine system

21. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Life Functions (6 of 6) Excretion –Urinary system Regulation (sensitivity) –Nervous system Reproduction –Reproductive system

22. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Development Cells Tissues Organs Organ system

23. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits Essential to survival Works on a negative feedback system

24. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Metabolism Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism –Building up Catabolism –Breaking down

25. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Metric System (1 of 2) Measurements for length, weight, and volume A decimal system Based on the power of ten Uses prefixes such as centi-, milli-, and micro-

26. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Metric System (2 of 2) Lengths measured in meters Weights measured in grams Volumes measured in liters