1. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Diversity and Stress Chapter 14

2. Chapter Overview Defining minority, race, and ethnicity Defining minority, race, and ethnicity Positive aspects of minority status Positive aspects of minority status Stressors challenging minorities Stressors challenging minorities Health status differences of minorities Health status differences of minorities Poverty and educational level Poverty and educational level Family life Family life Age and physical disability Age and physical disability Sexual orientation Sexual orientation © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

3. Definitions Minority: Racial, religious, or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the larger, controlling group in the community or nation Minority: Racial, religious, or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the larger, controlling group in the community or nation Race: A group of people with similar physical traits, blood types, genetic patterns, and/or inherited characteristics Race: A group of people with similar physical traits, blood types, genetic patterns, and/or inherited characteristics Ethnicity: A group of people having a common heritage such as common customs, characteristics, language, and history Ethnicity: A group of people having a common heritage such as common customs, characteristics, language, and history © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

4. Changes in U.S. Population (Figure 14.1) © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

5. Did You Know? The U.S. population will increase by 52% by the year 2050 to a whopping 392 million! The U.S. population will increase by 52% by the year 2050 to a whopping 392 million! The elderly population (65 years of age and older) will increase from today’s figure of 12.5% to 20% by the year 2050 The elderly population (65 years of age and older) will increase from today’s figure of 12.5% to 20% by the year 2050 © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

6. Positive Aspects of Minority Status Asian American contributions Asian American contributions –Acupuncture –Herbal medicines –Relaxation techniques –Respect and value their elders Native American contributions Native American contributions –“Holism” concept –Harmony (balance) concept of health –Concern for the environment © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

7. Positive Aspects of Minority Status (cont.) Latino/Hispanic American contributions Latino/Hispanic American contributions –Social and family support –Spiritual aspects of health African American contributions African American contributions –Importance of church –Enjoyment of life through sports, arts, social interaction © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

8. Stressors Challenging Minorities Racism Racism Cultural conflicts Cultural conflicts Acculturation stressors Acculturation stressors Other acculturation stressors, including hate crimes Other acculturation stressors, including hate crimes © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

9. Health Status Differences of Minorities Health care disparities Health care disparities Recent national health objectives focus on minorities (Healthy People 2010) Recent national health objectives focus on minorities (Healthy People 2010) –Gender, race and ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation Infant mortality Infant mortality Life expectancy Life expectancy © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

10. Health Status Differences of Minorities (cont.) Years of potential life lost Years of potential life lost High blood pressure High blood pressure HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Cancer Cancer Mental health Mental health –Suicide –Homicide © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

11. Poverty and Educational Level These factors are associated with poorer health These factors are associated with poorer health The lower the socioeconomic level, the poorer the health status The lower the socioeconomic level, the poorer the health status Women in general earn less than men and have fewer opportunities Women in general earn less than men and have fewer opportunities Age and disability status are other factors Age and disability status are other factors © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

12. Persons and Families Below the Poverty Level, 2006 (Table 14.2) © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

13. Family Life Two important factors of family life that are related to stress development Two important factors of family life that are related to stress development –Homelessness 3.5 million are homeless at some time during the year 3.5 million are homeless at some time during the year The number of homeless, especially families with children, is increasing The number of homeless, especially families with children, is increasing –Type of family structure Stress can lead to one-parent or no-parent families Stress can lead to one-parent or no-parent families © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

14. Age and Physical Challenges The elderly are not as revered in the United States as they are in some countries, a source of stress The elderly are not as revered in the United States as they are in some countries, a source of stress People with physical and mental challenges suffer from the challenge of their condition and from discriminatory attitudes People with physical and mental challenges suffer from the challenge of their condition and from discriminatory attitudes © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

15. Sexual Orientation Includes gays, lesbians, and transgenders Includes gays, lesbians, and transgenders FBI reports hate crimes based on sexual orientation FBI reports hate crimes based on sexual orientation Described as widespread in schools Described as widespread in schools Harassment has physical and emotional consequences Harassment has physical and emotional consequences Schools are increasingly facing this challenge Schools are increasingly facing this challenge © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

16. Diversity and Stress © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 14