1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD
POWER POINT PRESENTATIN
BY HEERA KUMAR PGT BIOLOGY

2. LIVING ORGANISMS

3. WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ?
ANS. WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS FOR THEIR CONVENIENT STUDY

4. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
THERE ARE DIFFERENT BASIS OF CLASSIFYING LIVING ORGANISMS
ON THE BASES OF THEIR HABITAT
EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC
UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR
PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC
ON THE BASIS OF FEEDING HABIT
ON THE BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE ETC.

5. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS IS RELATED TO
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION : THE FAMOUS DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION GIVEN BY CHARLES DARVIN IS
“ DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION “
THAT IS GRADUAL CHANGES FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX IN LIVING ORGANISMS

6. THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION GROUPS
GROUPING ORGANISMS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES AND SUB CATOGARIES . EACH STEP IS CALLED TAXON . AERRANGING TAXONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE IS CALLED HIERARCHY. THESE ARE
KINGDOM
PHYLUM (ANIMALS) / DIVISONS(PLANTS)
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
SO THE LOWERMOST OR THE BASIC UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION IS SPECIES.

7. WHITTAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
IN THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
ROBERT WHITTAKER PROPOSED ORGANISMS BE CLASSIFED INTO FIVE MAJOR GROUPS KNOWN AS FIVE KINGDOM
MONERA : ALL PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . EXAMPLE – BACTERIA
PROTISTA : ALL EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . EXAMPLE – AMOEBA , PARAMOECIUM
FUNGI : UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR NONGREEN PLANTS . EXAMPLE – YEASTS , AGARICUS PENICILLIUM ETC.
PLANTAE : ALL GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS .
ANIMALIA : ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC WITHOUT CELLWALL AND HETEROTROPHS

8. SUB DIVISIONS OF PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
PLANTAE: FIVE DIVISIONS
THALLOPHYTA
BRYOPHYTA
PTERIDOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERM

9. THALLOPHYTA
PLANTS WITHOUT LEAF , ROOT AND STEM . BODY HAS SIMPLE THALLUS . THE PLANTS IN THIS GROUP ARE COMMONLY CALLED ALGAE .EXAMPLES –SPIROGYEA,
ULOTHRIX, CLADOPHORA ETC.

10. BRYOPHYTA
THESE ARE CALLED AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM BECAUSE THEY INHABIT BOTH LAND AND WATER TO COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE.
THE PLANT BODY IS COMMONLY DIFFERENTIATED TO FOR STEM AND LEAF LIKE STRUCTURES BUT THERE IS NO SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER .
EXAMPLE – FUNARIA , MARCHANTIA.

11. PTERIDOPHYTA
THE PLANT BODY IS DIFFERENTIATED INTO ROOTS , STEM AND LEAVES AND HAS SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER .
EXAMPLE –MARSILEA , FERNS ,HORSE TAILS .

12. THALLOPHYTES , BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES HAVE NAKED EMBRYOS THAT ARE CALLED CALLED SPORES . THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF ALL THESE GROUPS ARE VERY INCONSPICUOUS OR HIDDEN THEIRFOR CALLED CRYPTOGAMAE
THE PLANTS WITH WELL DIFFERENTIATED REPRODUCTIVE
TISSUES THAT ULTIMATELY MAKE SEEDS ARE CALLED
PHANEROGAMS
PHANEROGAMS CONSISTS OF TWO GROUPS
GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERMS

13. GYMNOSPERMS
WORD GYMNOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS
GYMNO – MEANS NAKED
SPERMA – MEANS SEED
THAT IS PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS
THE PLANTS ARE USUALLY PERRINIAL, EVERGREEN AND WOODY .
EXAMPLES – PINES LIKE CYCAS , PINUS

14. ANGIOSPERMS
THE WORD ANGIOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS
ANGIO – MEANS COVERED
SPERMA – MEANS SEED
THE SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE AN ORGAN WHICH ULTIMATELY CHANGES INTO FRUIT .
ANGIOSOERMS ARE ALSO CALLED FLOWERING PLANTS
THE STRUCTURE INSIDE SEED IS CALLED COTYLEDON OR SEED LEAF
ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS

15. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR MONOCOTS : PLANTS WITH SEEDS HAVING SINGLE COTYLEDON
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR DICOTS : PLANTS WITH SEED HAVING TWO COTYLEDONS .

16. SUMMARY PLANTS WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATED PLANT BODY HAVE DIFFERENTIATED
THALLOPHYTA
WITH VASCULAR TISSUE
WITHOUT SPECIALISED
PRODUCE SEEDS - PHANEROGAMS
DONOT PRODUCE SEEDS
BEAR NAKED SEEDS
BEAR SEEDS INSIDE FRUITS
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT
MONOCOT

17. ANABENA
BACTERIA
PARAMOECIUM
EUGLENA
AMOEBA

18. fungi

20. algae

22. pinus
Cone of pinus
Cone of cycas
Stem of cycas
cysas