1. EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
WORKING CONDITIONS
SOCIAL CLASSES
SIZE OF CITIES
LIVING CONDITIONS

2. WORKING CONDITIONS Industry created many new jobs
Factories were dirties, unsafe and dangerous
Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
Long-term
Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions

3. Social Classes Factory workers were overworked and underpaid
Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class
Factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class
Upper class resented those middle class who became wealthier than they were
Long term effect
Standard of living generally rose

4. Upper Class Enjoyed lifestyle few could attain
Status based mostly on birth & land ownership
Social position threatened by new changes
money could buy influence, power, and respect

5. Middle Class
Before: merchants, lawyers, etc. Now; Owners of factories, mines, and railroads &
Professional workers (mangers, clerks, teachers, etc.)
believed education would bring success.

6. Middle Class Lifestyle
Men worked outside the home, women stayed in and supervised the household
Servants - cheap and hired often
Sons – sent to school
Daughters – prepared for domestic life

7. Working Class Once farm laborers, now worked in factories
Depended only on wages – no longer produced needed goods
Whole families needed to work to survive: men, women, children
Factories – unpleasant, unsafe, carefully controlled
Children did not attend school

8. Working Class Lifestyle
At first, conditions were not bad
As competition between factories increased, life became harder
Long hours, low wages, monotonous work, noisy, unsafe
Diseases spread rapidly
Lived in bad housing in rapidly expanding, ill-planned cities

9. SIZE OF CITIES Factories brought job seekers to cities
Urban areas doubled, tripled or quadrupled in size
Many cities specialized in certain industries
Long term effects
Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

10. LIVING CONDITIONS Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
Housing, water and social services were scarce
Epidemics swept through the city
Long term effect
Housing, diet, and clothing improved