1. Quaking, Shaking, Earth All about Earthquakes By: Mrs. Baker Edited by Mrs. Fowler 2015

2. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 2 What is an earthquake? Simply put: –An earthquake is the shaking of the earth.

3. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 3 Many buildings in Charleston, South Carolina, were damaged or destroyed by the large earthquake that occurred August 31, 1886. Picture from the United States Geological Service www.usgs.govwww.usgs.gov

4. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 4 San Francisco, California, Earthquake April 18, 1906. East side of Howard Street near Seventeenth Street. All houses shifted toward the left. The tall house dropped from its south foundation wall and leaned against its neighbor. 1906. Picture from USGS.GOV

5. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 5 San Fernando, California, Earthquake February 1971. Collapsed overpass connecting Foothill Boulevard and the Golden State Freeway. Feb 10, 1971. Photo by R.E. Wallace, USGS. www.usgs.gov

6. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 6 What causes an earthquake? Earthquakes are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Due to the constant motion of the Earth’ plates, this put stress on the edges of the plates. To relieve this stress, the rocks tend to bend, compress, or stretch. An aerial view of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, Central California. Picture from www.usgs.govwww.usgs.gov

7. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 7 Locatin' the Shakin' Focus: the place on the Earth’s crust where the pressure was released. Epicenter: the spot on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

8. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 8 Faults If the force is great enough, the rocks will break. An earthquake is the vibrations produced by the breaking of rock. Most earthquakes occur near plate boundaries. The Hanshin expressway in Kobe, Japan collapsed due to an earthquake in 1995. Picture from http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/quakes/kobe/kobe.html http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/quakes/kobe/kobe.html

9. Faults are classified by how the rocks move. Up Down Sideways Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 9

10. 10 Normal Fault Rock above the fault surface moves downward in relation to rock below the fault surface.

11. Normal Fault Now, consider this: if we hold the foot wall stationary, gravity will normally want to pull the hanging wall down, right? Faults that move the way you would expect gravity to move them normally are called normal faults! Not so hard, is it? Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 11 See the block farthest to the right that is shaped kind of like a foot? That's the foot wall. Now look at the block on the other side of the fault. See how it's resting or hanging on top of the foot wall block? That's the hanging wall. foot wallhanging wall http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deform/gfaults.html

12. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 12 Reverse Fault Reverse faults result from compression forces that squeeze rock. If rock breaks from forces pushing from opposite directions, rock above a reverse fault surface is forced up and over the rock below the fault surface.

13. Reverse Fault Can you see the foot- shaped foot wall and the hanging wall resting or hanging above it? Think about this: if we hold the foot wall stationary, where would the hanging wall go if we reversed gravity?foot wall hanging wall The hanging wall will slide upwards, right? When movement along a fault is the reverse of what you would expect with normal gravity we call them reverse faults! Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 13 http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deform/gfaults.html

14. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 14 Strike-slip Fault At a strike-slip fault, rocks on either side of the fault are moving past each other without much upward or downward movement. The San Andreas Fault is the boundary between two of Earth’s plates that are moving sideways past each other.

15. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 15 How does energy created by an earthquake move through the Earth? Seismic waves are energy waves that travel outward from the source of the earthquake.

16. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 16 Surfin the Waves When earthquakes occur, three different types of seismic waves are produced.

17. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 17 P Waves Primary waves (P- waves) cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction that the wave is traveling. P-Waves are the fastest waves and are felt first, usually as a bang or a thump.

18. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 18 S Waves Secondary waves (S- waves) move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to move up and down. These waves are slower than P-Waves.

19. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 19 L Waves Surface waves cause most of the destruction resulting from earthquakes. Surface waves (L- Waves) or land waves move rock particles in a backward, rolling motion and a side-to-side, swaying motion.

20. Wave Summary Chart PrimarySecondarySurface MovementPush/pullUp/down, side/side Up/down. Side/side Material can travel through Solid, liquid and gas Rock or solid onlyNone, travel at the surface SpeedFastestMediumSlowest LocationInside crust Earth’s surface Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 20

21. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 21 How are seismic waves measured? Seismic waves from earthquakes are measured with an instrument known as a seismograph. Seismographs register the waves and record the time that each arrived.

22. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 22 Measuring Earthquake Magnitude Magnitude is a measure of the energy that is released during an earthquake.

23. Earthquake Measurement

24. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 24 Richter Scale The Richter magnitude scale is used to describe the strength of an earthquake and is based on the height of the lines on the seismogram.

25. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 25 Richter Scale For each increase of 1.0 on the Richter scale, the height of the line on a seismogram is ten times greater. However, about 32 times as much energy is released for every increase of 1.0 on the scale.

26. Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com 26 Earthquake Severity Richter Earthquake Magnitudes Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt, but recorded. 3.5-5.4 Often felt, but rarely causes damage. Under 6.0 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6.1-6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. 7.0-7.9 Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 or greater Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across.

27. Tsunami Tidal waves or Tsunamis result when a large section of the sea floor suddenly moves and therefore displaces a massive amount of water.