1. Do People Use the Shortest Path? Empirical Test of Wardrop's First Principle Shanjiang Zhu, Ph.D. Research Scientist David Levinson, Ph.D., Professor Contact: zhuxx120@umd.eduzhuxx120@umd.edu University of Maryland, College Park Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering TRB 2012, Washington D.C.

2. Motivation The journey times in all routes actually used are equal and less than those which would be experienced by a single vehicle on any unused route. Assumptions: Equilibrium Determinism Perfect information Utility maximization

3. Motivation: I-35W Bridge CollapseMnPASS Program

4. Data Collection

5. Traffic and Behavioral Reactions Changing route and departure time are the most common reactions. I-35W replacement bridge does not save travel cost during all time periods as predicted by travel demand models. Zhu, Shanjiang, David Levinson, Henry Liu and Kathleen Harder, (2010) The Tra ffi c and Behavioral Effects of the I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(10). Zhu, Shanjiang, David Levinson and Henry Liu, Measuring Winners and Losers from New I 35W Mississippi River Bridge, TRB DVD #10-2298, January 2010, Washington DC

6. Implications for Travel Demand Modeling Revealing individual travel behavior Providing guidance for choice set generation Informing agent-based and individual- based travel demand models

7. GPS Data (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

8. Route Matching under ArcGIS

9. Route Comparison under ArcGIS (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

10. Do people use the shortest time path? (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

11. Commute Trip vs. Non-Commute Trip Commute Trip Non-Commute Trip (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

12. How Far is Traffic From User Equilibrium? (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

13. Comparison between Commute Trip and Non-commute Trip (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010a)

14. Route Choice Set Generation Algorithms Link Labeling Link Elimination Link Penalty Simulation

15. Route Choice Set Generation Algorithms Link Labeling Link Elimination Link Penalty Simulation (67%)

17. Diversity in Commute Route (Source: Zhu and Levinson 2010b)

18. Conclusions Majority of trips deviate from the shortest time path. Time gaps between shortest time paths and paths people actually use are smaller than 2 minutes for most people. None of the current choice set generation algorithms can generate all routes observed in the field. Simulation approach outperforms other alternatives.

19. Acknowledgments Sponsors: NSF, Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium, MnDOT, Metropolitan Consortium BRIDGE: Behavioral Response to the I-35W Disruption: Gauging EquilibrationBRIDGE: Behavioral Response to the I-35W Disruption: Gauging Equilibration (National Science Foundation) (Liu, Levinson, Harder) Traffic Flow and Road User Impacts of the Collapse of the I-35W Bridge over the Mississippi River Traffic Flow and Road User Impacts of the Collapse of the I-35W Bridge over the Mississippi River (MnDOT) (Levinson, Liu, Harder) Value of Reliability Value of Reliability (Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium) (Levinson, Harder)Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium Colleagues: David Levinson, Henry Liu, Kathleen Harder, Shu Hong, Carlos Carrion

20. ¿ Questions ? Thank You Shanjiang Zhu Assistant Research Scientist University of Maryland Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering zhuxx120@umd.edu zhuxx120@umd.edu