1. Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 0 Media Discipline Seminar Presentation 9 February 2011 “From Ivan to Osama: How Hollywood Cinematically Mediates and Represents the Changing Nature of Terrorism” Presented by: Jay Reid, MPhil Candidate

2. Life Impact The University of Adelaide TOPIC & OBJECTIVES How has popular culture responded to events such as 9/11? Terrorism as defining and daily part of life Popular culture serves as means of public education Interested in how terrorists are represented within the media, first encountered in honour dissertation (Reid & Cover, 2010) Slide 1

3. Life Impact The University of Adelaide HISTORY OF TERRORISM 3 rd century BC – first mentioned by Greek philosophers 18 th century – ‘Reign of Terror’ during French revolution 19 th century - Italian, Russian and German groups Early 20 th century – disappeared due to WWI & WWII (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-40; Townshend, 2002: 60) Slide 2

4. Life Impact The University of Adelaide HISTORY OF TERRORISM 1940-1960 - Returned after WWII, desire for national independence, no religious motivation 1970’s – Rise of global terror movements, Munich Olympics 1980’s – Rise of suicide bombers, Air India Flight 182 & Pam An Flight 103 (Lockerbie) 1990’s – Religion not dominant motivation, rise of Osama bin Laden 2000’s – 9/11, Bali nightclub, London subway, Time Square (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 55-145; Townshend, 2002: 96- 111) Slide 3

5. Life Impact The University of Adelaide SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION Terrorism not a new phenomena (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-145; Townshend, 2002: 60-111)...... though 9/11 has forever changed the world (Dixon, 2004: 2; Giroux, 2004: 9; Young, 2007: 44) Pop culture educates the public on trending topics, such as terrorism (Altheide, 2006: 420; Schack, 2009: 65-67; Schoop & Hill, 2009: 16-27) As films can shape public opinion we should examine how they re-educate audiences over time about the changing nature of terrorism and what inspires these changes Need for new approaches in post-9/11 world (Rich, 2004: 10) Slide 4

6. Life Impact The University of Adelaide LITERATURE REVIEW First study of its kind Previous studies only look at small segments of film Majority of literature is focused on only a few films Terrorists: Limited, IRA as new Communists Attacks: Little on changes over time Hero: Harrison Ford, race in The Siege Very little than spans pre- and post-9/11 Slide 5

7. Life Impact The University of Adelaide RESEARCH QUESTIONS H1: "The events of September 11, 2001, have changed the onscreen portrayal and behaviour of terrorists, moving away from post-World War II and post- Cold War inspired secular terrorists to contemporary Middle Eastern terrorists inspired by religion." RQ1: Ethnicity of terrorists over time RQ2: Terrorists as the ‘Other’ Slide 6

8. Life Impact The University of Adelaide RESEARCH QUESTIONS H2: "The nature of cinematic terrorist attacks has changed over time to reflect real world terrorist incidents." RQ3: Changes to means, methods & weapons RQ4: Presence or absence of religion Slide 7

9. Life Impact The University of Adelaide RESEARCH QUESTIONS H3: "In order to respond to the changing nature of terrorists and the acts they carry out, the counter- terrorist hero has been forced to change over time." RQ5: The hero as a national representation RQ6: The shifting morality of the hero Slide 8

10. Life Impact The University of Adelaide THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & METHODOLOGY Stuart Hall – representation & the ‘Other’ Edward Said – Oriental discourse Michel Foucault – surveillance, monitoring & docile bodies Create unique framework that binds these three theorists together Quantative & qualative approaches Slide 9

11. Life Impact The University of Adelaide PRE-9/11 FILMS Toy Soldiers (1991) Passenger 57 (1992) Patriot Games (1992) ♦ Under Siege (1992) Demolition Man (1993) In The Name of the Father (1993) Speed (1994) True Lies (1994) Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) ● GoldenEye (1995) ■ Executive Decision (1996) The Rock (1996) Eraser (1996) Broken Arrow (1996) Mission Impossible I (1996) ▲ Air Force One (1997) The Devil’s Own (1997) The Peacemaker (1997) Face/Off (1997) Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) ■ The Siege (1998) Arlington Road (1999) The World Is Not Enough (1999) ■ Mission Impossible II (2000) ▲ Swordfish (2001) Slide 10

12. Life Impact The University of Adelaide POST-9/11 FILMS Collateral Damage (2002) The Sum of All Fears (2002) ♦ Bad Company (2002) Die Another Day (2002) ■ Homeland Security (2004) Syriana (2005) Flightplan (2005) Red Eye (2005) Munich (2005) United 93 (2006) World Trade Centre (2006) Mission Impossible III (2006) ▲ Casino Royale (2006) ■ Lions for Lambs (2007) The Kingdom (2007) Rendition (2007) Die Hard 4.0 (2007) ● Body of Lies (2008) Vantage Point (2008) Quantum of Solace (2008) ■ From Paris With Love (2010) Salt (2010) Slide 11

13. Life Impact The University of Adelaide TIMELINE Slide 12

14. Life Impact The University of Adelaide REFENCES Altheide, David (2006). "Terrorism and the Politics of Fear". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 6.4, 2006: 415-439. Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2004a). "Introduction: Something Lost - Films after 9/11". Film and Television After 9/11. Ed: Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 2004: 1-28. Fine, Jonathan (2008). "Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism". Middle East Quarterly 15.1: 59-69. Giroux, Henry (2004). "Terrorism and the fate of democracy after September 11". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 2.1, 2004: 9-14. Pettiford, Lloyd & Harding, David (2003). Terrorism: The New World War. Australia: Arcturus Publishing. Reid, Jay & Cover, Rob (2010). "The Art of War Reporting: Theorising Contemporary Embedded Journalism as Public Discourse". Reconstructions: Studies in Contemporary Culture 10.4. Rich, B. Ruby (2001). "Back to the future". The Nation 15 Oct. 2001: 44-45. Schack, Todd (2009). “Perpetual media wars: The cultural front in the War on Terror and Drugs”. The War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 65-89. Schoop, Andrew & Hill, Matthew (2009). "Introduction: The curious knot." The War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 11-44. Townshend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford UP. Young, Alison (2007). "Images in the Aftermath of Trauma: Responding to September 11th". Crime Media Culture 3.1: 30-48. Slide 13

15. Life Impact The University of Adelaide QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK Slide 14