2. Preschool Language Scale 4 th Edition Year published: 2002 Type of test: Norm-referenced

3. General description of PSL-4 Individually administered standardized test of communication typically used with infants to children aged 6 years and 11 months who present characteristics of a language disorder or delay. It consists of two subscales to assess auditory comprehension/receptive and expressive skills. Individually administered standardized test of communication typically used with infants to children aged 6 years and 11 months who present characteristics of a language disorder or delay. It consists of two subscales to assess auditory comprehension/receptive and expressive skills.

4. General description of PSL-4  It also provides three supplemental measures which include an articulation screener, a language sample checklist and a caregiver questionnaire.  The test time is 20-45 minutes (dependent on child).  Screen for a broad spectrum of speech and language skills in young children.  It also provides three supplemental measures which include an articulation screener, a language sample checklist and a caregiver questionnaire.  The test time is 20-45 minutes (dependent on child).  Screen for a broad spectrum of speech and language skills in young children.

5. How is it measured?  Auditory and Visuality  As children grow older, materials used are changed from manipulative materials to pictures, and to asking questions.  Testing receptive of children using pointing towards examiner’s question.  Testing expressive language  Auditory and Visuality  As children grow older, materials used are changed from manipulative materials to pictures, and to asking questions.  Testing receptive of children using pointing towards examiner’s question.  Testing expressive language

6. How is it measured? Receptive:  Teacher asks child question and child responds by pointing at the picture. Example: 41.Understands expanded sentences Materials: Picture Manual page 28 Look at this picture. a. Point to the white kitten that is sleeping b. Point to a kitten that is not black. (Child points to any kitten that is not black) c. Point to the small black kitten in the box. Receptive:  Teacher asks child question and child responds by pointing at the picture. Example: 41.Understands expanded sentences Materials: Picture Manual page 28 Look at this picture. a. Point to the white kitten that is sleeping b. Point to a kitten that is not black. (Child points to any kitten that is not black) c. Point to the small black kitten in the box.

7. How is it measured? Receptive:  Teacher asks child question and child responds verbally Example: 41.Responds to where questions Now I’m going to ask you some questions about where you do things. Ready? a. Where do you sleep? b. Where do you play? Receptive:  Teacher asks child question and child responds verbally Example: 41.Responds to where questions Now I’m going to ask you some questions about where you do things. Ready? a. Where do you sleep? b. Where do you play?

8. Test components & Materials: Examiner’s Manual  Contains detailed information about administration scoring and interpretation procedure.  Contains information about research, test development and technical qualities.  Contains detailed information about administration scoring and interpretation procedure.  Contains information about research, test development and technical qualities.

9.  Contains color picture stimuli necessary for administering many of the test items.  Spiral bound and has an easel back to facilitate ease of use during administation.  Contains color picture stimuli necessary for administering many of the test items.  Spiral bound and has an easel back to facilitate ease of use during administation. Test components & Materials: Picture Manual

10.  Contains abbreviated directions for administering, and scoring test items.  20 pages in length and includes the PLS-4 Task Profile, as well as the Articulation Screener and Language Sample Checklist.  Contains abbreviated directions for administering, and scoring test items.  20 pages in length and includes the PLS-4 Task Profile, as well as the Articulation Screener and Language Sample Checklist. Test components & Materials: Record Form

11. Test components & Materials: Manipulatives  Used to facilitate interactions with the child.  Example: ball, blocks, bowls, box with lid, bubbles, cars, cloth, crackers or other snack, spoons, squeaky toy, teddy bear, toys & books, watch with a second hand or stopwatch, windup toy.  Used to facilitate interactions with the child.  Example: ball, blocks, bowls, box with lid, bubbles, cars, cloth, crackers or other snack, spoons, squeaky toy, teddy bear, toys & books, watch with a second hand or stopwatch, windup toy.

12. Reliability  Scoring and interpretation should be objective and consistent across examiners  Examine test-retest reliability  Scoring and interpretation should be objective and consistent across examiners  Examine test-retest reliability

13. Validity  Sources of validity evidence include evidence based on:  Test content  Response pressures  Internal structure  Relationships with other variables; and  Consequences of testing  Sources of validity evidence include evidence based on:  Test content  Response pressures  Internal structure  Relationships with other variables; and  Consequences of testing

14. Application in local context (Singapore)  As Singapore is multi-culture society, different languages are spoken. PSL-4 tests should be modified to cater to the 4 main languages used in Singapore i.e. English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil.  Can be useful for children with severe language delays  As Singapore is multi-culture society, different languages are spoken. PSL-4 tests should be modified to cater to the 4 main languages used in Singapore i.e. English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil.  Can be useful for children with severe language delays

15. Done by  Peilin  Evie  Michelle  Yvette  Tania  Geraldine  Evon  Stephanie  Crystal  Dawn  Samantha  Peilin  Evie  Michelle  Yvette  Tania  Geraldine  Evon  Stephanie  Crystal  Dawn  Samantha