1. Follow Ups to Class Discussions

2. A Prosthetic Arm http://www.ric.org/bionic/

3. Plan B http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032301275.html?nav=rss_email/co mponents Judge Orders FDA to Reconsider Limits on Morning-After Pill for Minors

4. VenomFangX Refuting Atheistic Naturalism Refuting Atheistic Naturalism Episode 2

5. Norbert Weiner on This “I have said that science is impossible without faith. By this I do not mean that the faith on which science depends is religious in nature or involves the acceptance of any of the dogmas of the ordinary religious creeds, yet without faith that nature is subject to law there can be no science. No amount of demonstration can ever prove that nature is subject to law.” - The Human Use of Human Beings, Chapter 11

6. Obama On Science http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090309/ap_on_go_pr_wh/obama_stem_cells_23 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10obama.html?partner=rss&emc=rss http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2009/03/09/AR2009030903156.html?nav=rss_email/components

7. Alan Turing (1912 – 1954) British mathematician (1937) Defined a simple formal model of computing and showed that there are uncomputable functions (WW II) Worked on the breaking the Enigma code (1950) Described a test for intelligence (1948 -1952) Described a chess- playing algorithm (1954) Committed suicide

8. The Enigma Machine

9. How Will We Recognize AI? 1950 Alan Turing’s paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, described a variant of what is now called, The Turing Test http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm

10. Turing’s Test Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. A: Count me out on this one. I never could write poetry. Q: Add 34957 to 70764 A: (Pause about 30 seconds and then give as answer) 105621. Q: Do you play chess? A: Yes. Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play? A: (After a pause of 15 seconds) R-R8 mate.

11. Turing’s Test Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', would not 'a spring day' do as well or better? Witness: It wouldn't scan. Interrogator: How about 'a winter's day,' That would scan all right. Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day. Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas? Witness: In a way. Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison. Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special one like Christmas.

12. Turing’s Prediction “I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible, to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10 9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than a 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning".

13. Measuring Storage ValueSIValueIEC 1000 1 kkilo-1024 1 Kikibi- 1000 2 Mmega-1024 2 Mimebi- 1000 3 Ggiga-1024 3 Gigibi- 1000 4 Ttera-1024 4 Titebi- 1000 5 Ppeta-1024 5 Pipebi- 1000 6 Eexa-1024 6 Eiexbi- 1000 7 Zzetta-1024 7 Zizebi- 1000 8 Yyotta-1024 8 Yiyobi- Decimal Binary

14. Perspective “… with a storage capacity of about 10 9..." (assuming he means bits)  1 gigabit  125 MB http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/manmach.html bits bytes kB MB GB Turing prediction10 9 1.25  10 8 125,000125.125 Manchester 19481024128.128 Manchester  19501.65  10 5 2  10 4 20.02 2  10 -5 Typical PC ~1995 8  10 6 8  10 3 8 8  10 -3 My laptop memory 1  10 9 1  10 6 1,0001 My laptop disk 3  10 10 3  10 7 30,00030

15. Was Turing Right? 1990 Loebner Prize established. Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses are indistinguishable from a human.

16. Jabberwacky Jabberwacky: Have you been to the Moon? User: No. Few have. Have you? Jabberwacky: Many a time my dear chap! User: What was the most interesting thing you saw? Jabberwacky: Fred. User: Why did you find him interesting? Jabberwacky: It just came into my head. User: What sorts of things do you generally find interesting? Jabberwacky: Nothing but smelly socks. A conversation with Jabberwacky, 2003Jabberwacky

17. Alice >Who invented paper towels? ALICE: The Chinese, long before Europeans. >Who invented pet rocks? ALICE: The Wright Brothers. >Who invented Barbie dolls? ALICE: Thomas Edison.

18. Alice A Conversation with Alice, January 2005 >Isn't the tsunami thing sad? ALICE: If it is, then I'll be very surprised. >but it is. ALICE: Umm. Huh. >Over a hundred thousand people have died. ALICE: Does "it" still refer to the tsunami thing sad? >yes ALICE: Blimey.

19. Alice A Conversation with Alice, 2004Alice >What's the best place to eat Chinese food? ALICE: My favorite places are California and Maine. Holland is cool too. >What do you like about Maine? ALICE: The special effects are the best.

20. Alice A Conversation with Alice, 2008Alice >What did you like best about the Olympics? ALICE: The special effects are the best. http://www.alicebot.org/

21. Let’s Chat with Bots Alice Jabberwacky Elbot

22. Objections to Turing’s Test The theological objection The “heads in the sand” objection The mathematical objection The argument from consciousness Arguments from various disabilities Lady Lovelace’s objection (the learning problem) Argument from continuity of the nervous system The argument from ESP

23. The Analytical Engine 1834 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine The picture is of a model built in the late 1800s by Babbage’s son from Babbage’s drawings.

24. Augusta Ada Byron, Countess Lovelace Ada writes of Babage’s engine, “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”

25. Objections to Turing’s Test When computers are “smarter”

26. Objections to Turing’s Test When computers are “smarter” Which is more likely: Fred just got cancer. Fred smokes a lot and he just got cancer.

27. Objections to Turing’s Test Nontextual behaviors

28. Objections to Turing’s Test Nontextual behaviors Where would you rather go: or

29. Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

30. Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

31. Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

32. Teaching the Machines ESP (http://www.espgame.org/)http://www.espgame.org/ More games from the Captcha group (http://www.captcha.net/ )http://www.captcha.net/ Open Mind (http://commons.media.mit.edu:3000/)http://commons.media.mit.edu:3000/ Cyc (http://www.cyc.com)http://www.cyc.com