1. Association & Causation

2. Association Ms Ashvarya Rai is associated with Mr Bacchan In Epidemiology association refers to a link between 2 or more factors Measures of Association: Relative Risk or Risk Ratio RR Risk Difference ( Attributable Risk) RD Odds Ratio OR ( show Apple)

3. Causation Question- Egg or Hen first? Temporality- Cause precede effect Strength of Association Dose response Specificity Biological Plausability Consistency Experimental Evidence

4. Causes in Scripture Bhagwat Geeta Panchaitaani mahaabaaho kaaranaani nibodha me; Saankhye kritaante proktaani siddhaye sarvakarmanaam. Learn from Me, O mighty-armed Arjuna, these five causes, as declared in the Sankhya system for the accomplishment of all actions! Adhishthaanam tathaa kartaa karanam cha prithagvidham; Vividhaashcha prithakcheshtaa daivam chaivaatra panchamam. The body, the doer, the various senses, the different functions of various sorts, and the presiding Deity, also, the fifth, Shareeravaangmanobhiryat karma praarabhate narah; Nyaayyam vaa vipareetam vaa panchaite tasya hetavah. Whatever action a man performs by his body, speech and mind, whether right or the reverse, these five are its causes. Chapter 18; Slokes 13,14,15

5. Causality Always a constellation of component causes Nothing is caused by a single cause Sufficient cause: A set of minimal conditions or events needed to cause the onset of disease Rothman’s Causal Pie model

6. Confounding Confundere (Latin)- to confuse ( Bible) It is a mixing of effects due to a third factor in the study – Pati, patni & vo draw A factor is a confounder if: –Associated with exposure in nondiseased –Associated with disease in unexposed( prior knowledge) –Not an intermediate in pathways –Not a surrogate for an exposure