1. CE 3372 Water Systems Design
Lecture 07 – Pumps and Lift Stations

2. Overview ES3 Solution Sketch Pumps EPANET Pump Simulation
Suction Requirements
System and Pump Curves
EPANET Pump Simulation

3. ES 3 Solution Sketch

4. Problem Statement

5. Modeling Protocol Sketch a layout on paper
Identify pipe diameters; length; roughness values
Identify node elevations; demands
Supply reservoir (or tank); identify reservoir pool elevation
Identify pumps; pump curve in problem units
Globe is most used.

6. Sketch a layout
Sketch a layout on paper
Globe is most used.

7. Pipes Identify pipe diameters; length; roughness values
Adjust roughness values to match these.
Start at 0.26, use D-W head loss model
Globe is most used.

8. Nodes Identify node elevations; demands
Shaded row is where the tank connects

9. Tank Supply reservoir (or tank); identify reservoir pool elevation
May need assumptions
Tank dimensions should be sensible
Pipe length is given
Diameter
Z=315 ft
Max Level
Z=300 ft
Min Level
Globe is most used.
L2=120 ft
Node 2
Pipe 8: L1 + L2 = 300 ft
Z=180 ft
Elevation
L1=180 ft

10. Pumps Identify pumps; pump curve in problem units None this problem!
Globe is most used.

11. Construct Model – Run Simulation

12. Runs to Match Friction Factors

13. Full Status Report (1 of 3)

14. Full Status Report (2 of 3)

15. Full Status Report (3 of 3)

16. Assess Results
Problem is given in GPM, so changing to CFS is unnecessary complication
Velocity in the pipe from the tank is 15 ft/sec – higher than typically desired; consider larger pipe or flow control valve

17. Pumps

18. Pumps
A mechanical device that transfers mechanical energy to move fluid
Lift from lower to higher elevation Lift stations
Increase pressure Booster stations

20. Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps
Fixed volume of fluid is displaced each cycle regardless of static head/pressure
Lower flow rates and higher head than non-positive pumps
Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (Centrifugal Pumps)
Volume of fluid is dependent on static head/pressure in system (back pressure)
2 principle types of plants

21. Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
Centrifugal (Radial-Flow) Pumps
Propeller Pumps (Axial-Flow)
Jet Pumps (Mixed-Flow)
2 principle types of plants

22. Positive Displacement Pumps
Screw Pump
A revolving shaft with blades rotates in a trough at an incline and pushes water up
The auger catches a portion of water and lift it as the pump screw rotates.
The diameter, fill depth, pump angle, etc are determinants of pump charact.
Commonly used in wastewater lifting and hurricane barrier lifting
Very tolerant of debris in liquid. Failure is HUGE

23. Positive Displacement Pumps
Reciprocating Pump
A piston sucks the fluid into a cylinder and then pushes it out
Upstroke, chamber fills. Downstroke, liquid is pushed out
Check valves prevent back flow.
Bore diameter, stroke length and rate are principal det of the operating character of a piston pump.
If no flow can occur, discharge is blocked, piston pump can and will destroy !!

24. Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
Centrifugal (Radial-Flow) Pumps
Propeller Pumps (Axial-Flow)
Jet Pumps (Mixed-Flow)
2 principle types of plants

25. Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
Classification is based on the way water leaves the rotating part of the pump
Radial-flow pump – water leaves impeller in radial direction
Axial-flow pump – water leaves propeller in the axial direction
Mixed-flow pump – water leaves impeller in an inclined direction (has both radial and axial components)
Propeller creates thrust
Impeller creates suction

26. Radial-Flow Pumps Centrifugal Pump Accelerates water using an impeller
W6RTo#t=122
Play til 3:11
Rate of impeller is how much momentum it can transfer to the water
Conversion of rotational kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy of fluid flow
Cent pump can be submersible wet or dry
Discharge
Suction (Eye)

27. Axial Flow Pumps
Axial flow pumps have impellers whose axis of rotation is collinear with the discharge
Used in high flow, low head applications
discharge
Moving the same axis the fan rotates on.
Collinear enough.
Perpendicular to blade
suction

28. Suction Requirements

29. Suction Requirements
The most common cause of pumping failure is poor suction conditions
Cavitation occurs when liquid pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid
For piping system with a pump, cavitation occurs when Pabs at the inflow falls below the vapor pressure of the water
They implode in such a great force and high heat and causes a lot of damage to pump
Reduce pump and impeller capacity

30. Suction Requirements
Liquid must enter the pump eye under pressure; this pressure is called the Net Positive Suction Head available (NPSHa).
A centrifugal pump cannot lift water unless it is primed
the first stage impellers must be located below the static HGL in the suction pit at pump start-up
They implode in such a great force and high heat and causes a lot of damage

31. Suction Requirements
The manufacturer supplies a value for the minimum pressure the pump needs to operate.
This pressure is the Net Positive Suction Head required (NPSHr).
For proper pump operation (w/o cavitation)
NPSHa> NPSHr
Draw NPSH example.
Required is by manufacturer
NPSHr must be maintained or exceeded!!
over all operating conditions, including start-up and shut-down.

32. Suction Requirements Available suction is computed from
Absolute vapor pressure at liquid pumping temperature
Frictional head loss in inlet piping
VP cause of temperature
NPSH is pressure req at the suction of a pump to prevent cavitation
hs (static suction head): it is the difference in elevation between the suction liquid level and the centerline of the pump impeller.
Static elevation of the liquid above the pump inlet eye
Absolute pressure at liquid surface in suction pit

33. Suction Requirements Example MSL = mean sea level
Air pressure drops as you go up.
33.9 pressure = 1 atm water at standard
14.7 psi will hold up 33 feet of water. (12.7/14.7psi) is a ratio
85% real big thunderstorm. Atm is 85% of normal

34. Suction Requirements
Example

35. Suction Requirements
Example

36. Suction Requirements
Example

37. Suction Requirements
Example

38. System and Pump Curves

39. Selecting Pumps Design conditions are specified
Pump is selected for the range of applications
A System Curve (H vs. Q) is prepared
System Curve is matched to Pump Curve
Matching point (Operating point) indicates the actual working conditions
Range of app (like needing to pump 120 MGPM)

40. System Curves
A system (characteristic) curve is a plot of required head versus flow rate in a hydraulic system (H vs. Q)
The curve depicts how much energy is necessary to maintain a steady flow under the supplied conditions
Total head, Hp, = elevation head + head losses
System curve.. How much energy does it take to meet the needs of your system

41. System Curves
The amount of head the pump must add to overcome elevation differences is dependent on system characteristics and topology (and independent of the pump discharge rate), and is referred to as static head or static lift. Friction and minor losses, however, are highly dependent on the rate of discharge through the pump. When these losses are added to the static head for a series of discharge rates, the resulting plot is called a system head curve".
Apply the energy equation and incorporate various friction components

42. System Curves
This relationship tells us that the added head has to be at least 30 meters just to keep the reservoirs at the two levels shown, if any flow is to occur the pump must supply at least 30+meters of head.

43. Pump Curves
Provided information from the manufacturer on the performance of pumps in the form of curves.
Information may include:
discharge on the x-axis
head on the left y-axis
pump power input on the right y-axis
pump efficiency as a percentage
speed of the pump (rpm)
NPSH of the pump
Wire- ratio of electrical energy in to water energy out
Added head versus discharge.
Wire-to-water efficiency versus discharge.
Mechanical power versus discharge.
Net Positive Suction Head required versus discharge.
the discharge on the x-axis,
the head on the left y-axis,
the pump power input on the right y-axis,
the pump efficiency as a percentage,
the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
the NPSH of the pump.

44. Pump Curves
Provided d.
Always read based on diameter of impeller, at a flow of _, head is
NPSH = total head on suction side
Amount req + amount available
Total dynamic head:
Head = Energy per unit weight of water
Energy = Kinetic + Potential
=velocity + (elevation + pressure)
the discharge on the x-axis,
the head on the left y-axis,
the pump power input on the right y-axis,
the pump efficiency as a percentage,
the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
the NPSH of the pump.

45. How to
Provided information from the manufacturer on the performance of pumps in the form of curves.
Information may include:
discharge on the x-axis
head on the left y-axis
pump power input on the right y-axis
pump efficiency as a percentage
speed of the pump (rpm)
NPSH of the pump
Wire- ratio of electrical energy in to water energy out
Added head versus discharge.
Wire-to-water efficiency versus discharge.
Mechanical power versus discharge.
Net Positive Suction Head required versus discharge.
the discharge on the x-axis,
the head on the left y-axis,
the pump power input on the right y-axis,
the pump efficiency as a percentage,
the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
the NPSH of the pump.

46. Pump Curves
Pump A cannot meet the needs of the system at any flow rate
Pump B supplies enough head over part of the system curve
The shaded area is the area where the pump supplies excess head
Operating Point
System curve and pump curve are VERY important help select an appropriate pump or set of pumps.
System curve is how much head the SYSTEM needs to function
Pump curve is how much head the PUMP needs to function
Plot of pump curve and system curve
Can use a valve to throttle the system curve
So monster.. Head is pizzas (pizza becomes energy after you digest)
Poop factory with monsters
Pump Curve, you have Monster A and B (2 different people) who work together, based on pizzas
Monster B functions on pizzas at this rate and produces poop
And Monster A (system curve) also functions on pizzas at a different rate and produces poop
So if you feed them both the same, they produce the same.

47. Look at the efficiency.
Pump is most efficient then

48. Multiple Pumps
Series and parallel combinations can be used to adjust “pump curves” to fit system requirements.
Parallel pumps add flow for given head
Series pumps add head for given flow

49. For pumps in parallel, the curve of two pumps, for example, is produced by adding the discharges of the two pumps at the same head (assuming identical pumps).

50. H 3H1 Three pumps in series H1 2H1 Two pumps in series H1 H1
For pumps in series, the curve of two pumps, for example, is produced by adding the heads of the two pumps at the same discharge.
Single pump H1 Q Q1

51. Pumps in EPA-NET
Pumps are modeled as links between two nodes that have pumping curve properties.
Each node must have appropriate elevations.
A pump is added as a link, then the pump curve is specified for that pump.
The program will operate the pump out-of-range but issue warnings to guide the analyst to errors.

52. Example 4
Example 4 – Lifting with a pump

53. Example 4
Example 4 – Lifting with a pump

54. Modeling Protocol Sketch a layout on paper
Identify pipe diameters; length; roughness values
Identify node elevations; demands
Supply reservoir (or tank); identify reservoir pool elevation
Identify pumps; pump curve in problem units
Globe is most used.

55. Modeling Protocol Sketch a layout on paper Z = 10m Pump Z = 3m Z = 0m
L2 = 100m D2 = 100mm
Pump
Globe is most used.
Z = 3m
Z = 0m
L 1=4m D1=100mm

56. Modeling Protocol Identify pipe diameters; length; roughness values
L 1=4m D1=100mm
ks~ 0.85
L2 = 100m D2 = 100mm
ks~0.85
Globe is most used.

57. Modeling Protocol Identify node elevations; demands Node 1 = 3m
No demands at nodes (needed for connection to pump)
Globe is most used.

58. Modeling Protocol
Supply reservoir (or tank); identify reservoir pool elevation
Lower Reservoir Pool Elev. = 0m
Upper Reservoir Pool Elev. = 10m
Globe is most used.

59. Modeling Protocol Identify pumps; pump curve in problem units
One Pump – Connects from Node 1 to Node 2
Globe is most used.

60. Example 4
Build and Run Model

61. Lift Stations!

62. Lift Stations Lift wastewater/stormwater to higher elevations when:
discharge of local collection system lies below regional conveyance
terrain or man-made obstacles do not permit gravity flow to discharge point.

63. Pond and Pump Station

64. Types of Lift Stations Submersible Wet-well / dry-well
Lower initial cost
Lower capacity
Smaller footprint
Wet-well / dry-well
Higher initial cost
Easier inspection/ maintenance

65. Submersible lift station

66. Wet-well / dry-well lift station

67. Design criteria
Size the pumps and the wet-well (sump) storage capacity to accommodate inflow variability and detention time limits.
Match the pumps to the flow and head requirements.
Provide ‘near-absolute’ reliability
Automated controls
Redundant systems
Alarms
Regularly scheduled, preventive maintenance
Assess and mitigate environmental factors
Flood risk, noise pollution, visibility

68. Site plan and facilities
Protected and accessible during a major flood
Redundant power supplies
Intruder-resistant with controlled access

69. Readings (on server)

70. Readings (on server)