1. Race and Colorism as Cultural Constructions “What was made by history can be unmade by history; what is affirmed by language can also be negated by language.”—p. 233

2. Racial Categories in the US

4. Race in Latin America: Legacy of Colonialism Ruler/ruled Spanish conquered Meso-American civilizations in 16 th century; brought disease which devastated indigenous populations 1 million indigenous people died in 50 years after conquest “Encomiendas”: indigenous communities enslaved to work on large plantations and in the mines and had no political or legal rights Indigenous communities baptized into Christianity Intermarriage over hundreds of years

5. “Las castas”: 16 racial classifications or castes in 18 th century Spanish America

8. Color categories in Nicaragua Note: not based on descent or kinship

9. People can change color when they migrate or change context p. 231

10. Impact of “color” on distribution of resources

11. Were racial categories disrupted by the Sandinista Revolution?