1. Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms.

3. All Living Things Share Four Characteristics of Life All living things have an ability to acquire materials and energy Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest All living things have an ability to respond to their environment All living things have an ability to reproduce

4. The Ability to Acquire Energy

5. Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can not be create or destroyed but transferred from one object to the next.

6. SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS Water – transports nutrients, eliminates waste, serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions Vitamins – encourage chemical reactions in cells Minerals – help form our bodies structure and regulate processes Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells Proteins – helps build and repair muscle Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy

7. 7 It begins with radiation from the SUN.It begins with radiation from the SUN. Plants use Photosynthesis to capture sunlight.Plants use Photosynthesis to capture sunlight. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight & chlorophyll  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 copyright cmassengale

8. 8Photosynthesis Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucoseChemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose Chemical Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose which is a carbohydrateChemical Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose which is a carbohydrate copyright cmassengale

9. 9 Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. copyright cmassengale Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves.

10. 10 CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose. 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 --> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy copyright cmassengale

11. 11 The Chemical energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. Heat or Thermal Energy can not be stored. It is transferred form one object to the next by radiation, conduction, or convection. The Chemical energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. Heat or Thermal Energy can not be stored. It is transferred form one object to the next by radiation, conduction, or convection.

12. 12 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. copyright cmassengale

13. 13 Consumers that eat producers to get energy: Are first order (1 st ) or primary consumers Are herbivores (plant-eaters) copyright cmassengale

14. 14 Most of the energy the primary consumer gets from the producer is used by the consumer. copyright cmassengale

15. 15 Thermal Energy Some of the energy moves into the atmosphere as heat or Thermal Energy. copyright cmassengale

16. 16 Some energy in the primary consumer is stored as fat & not lost to the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself. This energy is called Chemical Energy). copyright cmassengale

17. Ability to Respond to its environment

18. Functions of Cellular Membranes 1. Protect cell 2. Control incoming and outgoing substances 3. Maintain ion concentrations of various substances 4. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in, others are kept out

19. Cell Membranes are Semi- permeable (selectively) Allows some substances into the cell, but screens out toxins and bacteria Substances allowed to cross include: water, CO 2, Glucose, O 2, Amino Acids, Alcohol, and antihistamines. HIV and bacterial meningitis can cross the barrier.

20. Methods of Transport Across Membranes 1.Diffusion – the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration.

21. Methods of Transport Across Membranes Osmosis – the process by which water molecules spread across a membrane from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

22. 1.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from high to low concentrations. Water moves freely through pores. Solute (green) too large to move across. Passive Transport: 1. Osmosis

23. Study the diagram below. Which arrow shows the direction the solute molecules would move to achieve homeostasis?

24. If the membrane shown is permeable to molecules of X, but impermeable to molecules of Y, what will be the result of diffusion over time? A.Molecules of X on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration. B.Molecules of Y on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration. C.Molecules of X will increase in concentration on the right side. D.Molecules of Y will increase in concentration on the right side.

25. What determines the flow of materials in and out of the cell? Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. There are 3 types of solutions: –Isotonic –Hypertonic –Hypotonic

26. Isotonic Solution Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the external solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium) Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutionsOsmosis

27. Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks -dehydration (Plasmolysis/crenation)! Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutionsOsmosis shrinks

28. Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)! Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutionsOsmosis

29. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

30. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

31. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

32. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic – Eubacteria, and Archaeabacteria Eukaryotic – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

33. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

34. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms PlantAnimal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

35. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu /~ acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

36. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif “Typical” Plant Cell

37. Complex Organization

38. Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double lipid layer Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in, others are kept out. Protects cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

39. Phospholipid Bilayer

40. Methods of Transport Across Membranes 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion 4. Active Transport

41. Methods of Transport Across Membranes 1. Diffusion -passive transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration – no energy is used 2. Osmosis - Passive transport of water across membrane – no energy is used 3. Facilitated Diffusion - Use of proteins to carry polar molecules or ions across – energy used 4. Active Transport- requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient – energy is used in the form of ATP

42. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells Selectively permeable http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

43. Inside the Cell

44. Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

45. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

46. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

47. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

48. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

49. Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

50. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

51. Mitochondria Produces thermal energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

52. Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

53. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

54. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

55. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

56. Ability to Reproduce