1. Punishment

2. Undesirable Side Effects Escape and Avoidance Emotional Reaction Aggression Response Substitution Response Facilitation Generalized Suppression Punishment Contrast

3. Limitations of Punishment Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors. Punishment does not eliminate reinforcement. Punishment becomes reinforcing. Punishment may affect peers’ behavior. Punishment should be intense. Punishment should be immediate Punishment should be continuous.

4. Response Cost A response cost is a form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent upon the performance of an inappropriate behavior. The key feature is the loss of something a student finds reinforcing as a penalty for performing some inappropriate behavior.

5. Advantages of a Response Cost A response cost results in a fairly quick decrease in inappropriate behavior. A response cost is convenient to use in the classroom. A teacher can avoid direct confrontation with a student when using a response cost. A response cost can be combined with other behavior management procedures

7. Bonus Response Cost A bonus response cost is an innovative and mild form of punishment that can be used in isolation or incorporated into a variety of reinforcement programs. A teacher makes additional reinforcers available to a student noncontingently—that is, a student does not have to earn them. When a student misbehaves, a specified amount of the bonus reinforcement is removed.

8. Advantages of a Bonus Response Cost A student can add to the reinforcement she earned by refraining from engaging in the inappropriate behavior. A bonus response cost eliminates the need to remove existing tokens students have received for engaging in appropriate behaviors.

9. Implementing a Response Cost Operationally define the inappropriate behavior. Specify the amount of the fine. Impose the fine immediately after each occurrence of the misbehavior. Ensure students do not lose more reinforcement (or points) than they earn. Keep records on the occurrence of inappropriate behavior and number of points lost. Plan for unexpected outcomes. Do not overuse a response cost.

11. Time-Out

12. Common Misuses of Time-Out Teachers fail to consider the level of reinforcement that exists in the time-in setting. Time-out is applied before other less restrictive and more positive approached have been tried. Teachers may be unable to enforce the time-out contingency. The effectiveness of time-out often is not evaluated.

13. Overcorrection Restitutional overcorrection is a technique in which a student is required to correct the effects of inappropriate behavior by restoring the environment to a state superior to that which existed before the misbehavior occurred. Positive practice overcorrection requires a student to repeatedly practice an appropriate behavior that is topographically related to the misbehavior. Habit reversal involves having a student practice a behavior that is incompatible with the inappropriate behavior.

14. Procedures Resembling Overcorrection Simple Correction Contingent Exercise Quiet Training Negative Practice Stimulus Satiation