1. Moving Fluids

2. Fluid Flow Continuity The volume per unit time of a liquid flowing in a pipe is constant throughout the pipe. V = Avt – V: volume of fluid (m 3 ) – A: cross sectional areas at a point in the pipe (m 2 ) – v: speed of fluid flow at a point in the pipe (m/s) – t: time (s) A 1 v 1 = A 2 v 2 – A 1, A 2 : cross sectional areas at points 1 and 2 – v 1, v 2 : speed of fluid flow at points 1 and 2 http://library.thinkquest.org/27948/bernoulli.ht ml http://library.thinkquest.org/27948/bernoulli.ht ml

3. Sample problem A pipe of diameter 6.0 cm has fluid flowing through it at 1.6 m/s. How fast is the fluid flowing in an area of the pipe in which the diameter is 3.0 cm? How much water per second flows through the pipe?

4. Natural Waterways Flash flooding can be explained by fluid flow continuity.

5. Sample problem The water in a canal flows 0.10 m/s where the canal is 12 meters deep and 10 meters across. If the depth of the canal is reduced to 6.5 meters at an area where the canal narrows to 5.0 meters, how fast will the water be moving through this narrower region? What will happen to the water if something prevents it from flowing faster in the narrower region?

6. Artificial Waterways Flooding from the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet was responsible for catastrophic flooding in eastern New Orleans and St. Bernard during Hurricane Katrina.

7. Fluid Flow Continuity in Waterways A hurricane’s storm surge can be “amplified” by waterways that become narrower or shallower as they move inland. Mississippi River Gulf Outlet levees are overtopped by Katrina’s storm surge.

8. Bernoulli’s Theorem The sum of the pressure, the potential energy per unit volume, and the kinetic energy per unit volume at any one location in the fluid is equal to the sum of the pressure, the potential energy per unit volume, and the kinetic energy per unit volume at any other location in the fluid for a non-viscous incompressible fluid in streamline flow. All other considerations being equal, when fluid moves faster, the pressure drops.

9. Bernoulli’s Theorem P +  g h + ½  v 2 = Constant – P : pressure (Pa) –  : density of fluid (kg/m 3 ) – g: gravitational acceleration constant (9.8 m/s 2 ) – h: height above lowest point (m) – v: speed of fluid flow at a point in the pipe (m/s)

10. Sample Problem Knowing what you know about Bernouilli’s principle, design an airplane wing that you think will keep an airplane aloft. Draw a cross section of the wing.

11. Bernoulli’s Principle and Hurricanes In a hurricane or tornado, the high winds traveling across the roof of a building can actually lift the roof off the building. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid= 6649024923387081294&q=Hurricane+Roof &hl=en http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid= 6649024923387081294&q=Hurricane+Roof &hl=en

12. Applications of Fluids Concepts

13. Storm Surges in Hurricanes – http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml – http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/ hurr/home.rxml http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/ hurr/home.rxml – http://science.howstuffworks.com/hurricane.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/hurricane.htm – http://www.nd.edu/~adcirc/katrina.htm http://www.nd.edu/~adcirc/katrina.htm

14. Bernoulli Effect in Design http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force) http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/topics/Aer odynamics.html http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/topics/Aer odynamics.html http://user.uni- frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm http://user.uni- frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A517169 http://www-history.mcs.st- andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Daniel.ht ml http://www-history.mcs.st- andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Daniel.ht ml

15. Building for Hurricanes http://www.campcastaway.com/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A517169

16. Building in the Wetlands http://www.campcastaway.com/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A517169

17. Hydrostatic Pressure: Dams http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/dam/b asics.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/dam/b asics.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam – (This has information on failed dams at end of article). http://www.hooverdamtourcompany.com/bui ld.html http://www.hooverdamtourcompany.com/bui ld.html http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/dams/ foun/press.htm

18. Hydrostatic Pressure: Levees http://www.innovtg.com/Levees.htm http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,68746-0.html http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,68746-0.html